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Agricultural Patterns

Agricultural Patterns. Affect of agriculture on the landscape. Types of contemporary agricultural landscapes. Irrigation channel, checkerboard pattern, isolated farmsteads.

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Agricultural Patterns

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  1. Agricultural Patterns Affect of agriculture on the landscape

  2. Types of contemporary agricultural landscapes • Irrigation channel, checkerboard pattern, isolated farmsteads. • Settlement is clustered in densely populated village, irregularly shaped fields, no signs of irrigation. Church in the center. Where do you think these photos were taken? 1. Mack, Colorado 2. Europe

  3. Rice cultivation in Bali

  4. Costa Rica

  5. Tea plantation in Papua New Guinea

  6. Oregon Wheat Farm

  7. Alberta, Canada farm

  8. Nomadic pastoralists in Chad, West Africa

  9. Rectangular Survey • “Township-and-range” system • Designed to facilitate non-Indians evenly across farmlands in US interior • Imposed rigid grid like pattern on the land • Lines drawn without reference to terrain, giving it uniformity.

  10. Garden City, Iowa

  11. Future distribution • Homestead Act (1862) – one section of land (160 acres) after living on land five years and making improvements

  12. Dominion Land Survey

  13. Metes and Bounds Survey • Uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land

  14. Metes and bounds in words • "Beginning at a stone on the Bank of Doe River, at a point where the highway from A. to B. crosses said river (see point marked C. on Diagram 1); thence 40 degrees North of West 100 rods to a large stump; then 10 degrees North of West 90 rods; thence 15 degrees West of North 80 rods to an oak tree (see Witness Tree on Diagram 1); then due East 150 rods to the highway; thence following the course of the highway 50 rods due North; then 5 degrees North of East 90 rods; thence 45 degrees of South 60 rods; thence 10 degrees North of East 200 rods to the Doe River; thence following the course of the river Southwesterly to the place of beginning." 

  15. Longlot Survey System • Divided lands into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals • Reflective of surveying French America • Examples • Parts of Quebec • Parts of Louisiana and Texas • Canadian Maritimes

  16. Longlot system

  17. Villages • In core areas, farm villages (where farming or providing services for farmers as dominant activities) are disappearing • Still located in India, Sub-Saharan Africa, China, Southeast Asia • In these farm villages, people’s livelihood is connected closely to the cultivation of nearby farmland – reflecting historical and environmental conditions.

  18. Japanese farm village

  19. US Midwest

  20. Java

  21. Note the nucleated pattern

  22. Burgundy, France

  23. Environmental impact ofCommercial Agriculture • Overfishing, depleted oceans • Land cleared, terraces cut—for centuries • Soil erosion • Changes in the organic content of the soil: • Herbicides and pesticides • Antibiotics, growth hormones • Livestock feces • Genetic modification

  24. What about fast food? • Lately the demand for fast (and cheap) food has driven the need for more pasture land for beef in Central and South America so even more land is cleared.

  25. Boserup theory of population and agriculture • “An increase in population would stimulate technologists to increase food production.” • --An incentive to change agrarian technology and produce more food. • ‘Necessity is the mother of invention’. • Population growth will spark innovation • The more people there are, the more hands there are to work. • Chairman Mao: ‘Each mouth comes with a pair of hands.’

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