1 / 40

ESA technology development activities for fundamental physics space missions

ESA technology development activities for fundamental physics space missions. B. Leone , E. Murphy, E. Armandillo Optoelectronics Section ESA-ESTEC European Space Research and Technology Centre European Space Agency Noordwijk, The Netherlands. Outline.

azuka
Download Presentation

ESA technology development activities for fundamental physics space missions

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. ESA technology development activities for fundamentalphysics space missions B. Leone, E. Murphy, E. Armandillo Optoelectronics Section ESA-ESTEC European Space Research and Technology Centre European Space Agency Noordwijk, The Netherlands

  2. Outline • Presentation of the Optoelectronics Section • Fundamental Physics Missions at ESA • Cosmic Vision • Technology Needs for Future Fundamental Physics Missions • Technology Development Strategy • Earth Observation and Planetology • Current and Planned Activities • Conclusions ASTROD 2006

  3. Optoelectronics Section • Head: Errico Armandillo • Team of experts: • Detectors • X-rays • UV, VIS, IR • FIR, THz, (sub)mm-wave • Photonic devices • Fibres and sensors • Optical telecommunication • Lasers • Lidar • Distance metrology • Frequency standards • Laser-cooled atom interferometry • Laser damage (laboratory) ASTROD 2006

  4. Terms of Reference • Optoelectronic device technologies and applications • Laser technology and components • Photonic integrated optics • Non-linear optics • Superconductor technology • Far-IR heterodyne instrument design and verification > 1 THz • Detector technology and radiometry for the X-ray, UV, IR and Far-IR (incoherent and heterodyne) > 1 THz ASTROD 2006

  5. Our Role within ESA • Directorate of Technical and Quality Management • Support Directorate within a matrix organisation • Customers: • Science • Human Spaceflight, Microgravity and Exploration • Earth Observation • Applications • Telecommunications • Navigation • Initiate technology development activities in support of programmes and to enable future missions • Provide technical expertise to projects ASTROD 2006

  6. Technology R&D • Initiate and follow up technology development activities up to Technology Readiness Level 5/6 • TRL1 - Basic principles observed and reported • TRL2 - Technology concept and/or application formulated • TRL3 - Analytical and experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof-of-concept • TRL4 - Component and/or breadboard validation in laboratory environment • TRL5 - Component and/or breadboard validation in relevant environment • TRL6 - System/subsystem model or prototype demonstration in a relevant environment (ground or space) • TRL7 - System prototype demonstration in a space environment • TRL8 - Actual system completed and "flight qualified" through test and demonstration • (ground or space) • TRL9 - Actual system "flight proven" through successful mission operations ASTROD 2006

  7. ESA Technology Landscape ASTROD 2006

  8. Qualification and Reliability • Laser laboratory facility • Laser diode reliability test envisaged • Low to high power laser diode multimode emitter/bars/stacks • CW pumping (1-30 Watts) at 808, 9xx nm • QCW pumping (≥ 100 Watts peak power) • Qualification and reliability aspects • Optical components • Laser diodes ASTROD 2006

  9. Outline • Presentation of the Optoelectronics Section • Fundamental Physics Missions at ESA • Cosmic Vision • Technology Needs for Future Fundamental Physics Missions • Technology Development Strategy • Earth Observation and Planetology • Current and Planned Activities • Conclusions ASTROD 2006

  10. Fundamental Physics Missions at ESA • Science: • LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) • Search for gravitational waves • 50% NASA • Technology R&D not shared • LISA Pathfinder (LTP) • Technology demonstrator mission • LISA precursor mission • Cosmic Vision • Human Spaceflight, Microgravity and Exploration • ACES (Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space) onboard the ISS • Main goal: technology demonstrator • Test a cold atom clock in space • Test a hydrogen maser in space • Time and frequency comparison with ground clocks • Three fundamental physics tests: • Gravitational red shift increased accuracy • Search for fine structure constant drift • Search for Lorentz transformation violations ASTROD 2006

  11. Outline • Presentation of the Optoelectronics Section • Fundamental Physics Missions at ESA • Cosmic Vision • Technology Needs for Future Fundamental Physics Missions • Technology Development Strategy • Earth Observation and Planetology • Current and Planned Activities • Conclusions ASTROD 2006

  12. [1] Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 • What are the Conditions for Planet Formation and the Emergence of Life? • How does the Solar System Work? • What are the Fundamental Physical Laws of the Universe? • How did the Universe Originate and what is it Made of? [1] Cosmic Vision Brochure – BR247: http://www.esa.int/esapub/br/br247/br247.pdf ASTROD 2006

  13. Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 • Explore the limits of contemporary physics • Use stable and weightless environment of space to search for tiny deviations from the standard model of fundamental interactions • The gravitational wave Universe • Make a key step toward detecting the gravitational radiation background generated at the Big Bang • LISA follow-up mission • Matter under extreme conditions • Probe gravity theory in the very strong field environment of black holes and other compact objects, and the state of matter at supra-nuclear energies in neutron stars • X-ray and gamma ray astronomy ASTROD 2006

  14. Fundamental Physics Explorer Programme • Do all things fall at the same rate? • Cold-Atom interferometer • Do all clocks tick at the same rate? • Optical clocks • Does Newton’s law of gravity hold at very small distances? • Take advantage of the drag-free environment • Does Einstein’s theory of gravity hold at very large distances? • Pioneer anomaly: potential for optical clocks • Do space and time have structure? • Fundamental constants • Cold-atom technology and/or ultra-stable clocks • Does God play dice? • BEC, atom laser, atom interferometer • Can we find new fundamental particles from space? • Cosmic-ray particle detection ASTROD 2006

  15. Outline • Presentation of the Optoelectronics Section • Fundamental Physics Missions at ESA • Cosmic Vision • Technology Needs for Future Fundamental Physics Missions • Technology Development Strategy • Earth Observation and Planetology • Current and Planned Activities • Conclusions ASTROD 2006

  16. Technology Needs for FPEP ASTROD 2006

  17. Ultra-High Accuracy Metrology • Tests fundamental physics theories require ultra-high accuracy metrology of: • Distance • Accelerations • Rotations • Time • Focus on cold-atom technology: • stabilized lasers: to cool and manipulate atoms • atom interferometry: to measure accelerations, rotations … • (optical) atomic clocks: to measure time and distance • Miniaturization and space qualification • Micro optics, atom chips • Reliability ASTROD 2006

  18. Outline • Presentation of the Optoelectronics Section • Fundamental Physics Missions at ESA • Cosmic Vision • Technology Needs for Future Fundamental Physics Missions • Technology Development Strategy • Earth Observation and Planetology • Current and Planned Activities • Conclusions ASTROD 2006

  19. A Compelling Strategy • Given: • One potential fundamental physics mission • Highly competitive, low funding environment • Cold-atom technology will benefit from space environment • Cold-atom technology will benefit fundamental physics • Large effort needed to bring cold-atom technology in space • Need to propose cold-atom technology as generic not limited to fundamental physics (navigation, gravimetry) • Alternatively, find more applications to fundamental physics measurements • Seek objective commonalities with other customers • For example: Gravimetry • Earth Observation • Planetology ASTROD 2006

  20. Outline • Presentation of the Optoelectronics Section • Fundamental Physics Missions at ESA • Cosmic Vision • Technology Needs for Future Fundamental Physics Missions • Technology Development Strategy • Earth Observation and Planetology • Current and Planned Activities • Conclusions ASTROD 2006

  21. Gravimetry • Studies: • EO: “Enabling Observation Techniques for Future Solid Earth Missions” • Optoelectronics Section: “Gravity Gradient Sensor Technology for Planetary Missions” • Results: • Sensitive gravimeters using very precise atomic clock • Atom Interferometry; gravity gradiometry • Development of Optical Clocks to measure variations of fundamental constants [1, 2] [3] [1] “Enabling Observation Techniques for Future Solid Earth Missions”, Science Objectives for Future Geopotential Field Mission, SOLIDEARTH-TN-TUM-001, Issue 6, 1 Nov. 2003. [2] “Enabling Observation Techniques for Future Solid Earth Missions”, Final Report, SolidEarth-TN-ASG-009, Issue 1, 6 May 2004. [3] “Gravity Gradient Senser Technology for future planetary missions”, Final Report, ESA ITT A0/1-3829/01/NL/ND, 13 July 2005. ASTROD 2006

  22. Earth Gravity Missions • Using satellites to map global gravity field • Measure geopotential second order derivatives • Spherical harmonic expansion • Geoid (equipotential) • Gravity field • Anomalies • Precision (mm, mGal) • Spatial resolution • Temporal resolution • Time span ASTROD 2006

  23. Applications • Use satellite and ground data + modelling • Solid Earth • Geophysics • Geodesy • Hydrology • Oceanography • Ice sheets • Glaciers • Sea level • Atmosphere • Lumped sum • Aliasing ASTROD 2006

  24. Types of Missions • High Earth orbit (HEO) satellite • Passive laser reflector (LAGEOS) • Laser tracking from reference ground stations • Non-gravitational forces removed by design + modelling • High-Low Satellite-to-satellite tracking (SST) • LEO satellite tracked by GPS type constellation (CHAMP) • Non-gravitational forces measured by accelerometers • Low-Low SST • Inter-satellite ranging (GRACE) • Combined with GPS tracking • Non-gravitational forces measured by accelerometers • Satellite gravity gradiometry (SGG) • Gravity field accelerations measured by accelerometers (GOCE) • Non-gravitational forces measured by (same) accelerometers ASTROD 2006

  25. HEO mission • Use high orbit as natural filter (low harmonics) • GPS tracking • Accelerometers • High precision clock (10-16) • Advantages: • Innovative • Earth sciences • Time keeping • Fundamental physics • Telecommunications • Drawbacks (as compared to LAGEOS): • Mission life time ASTROD 2006

  26. GOCE • GOCE: Gravity field and steady state Ocean Circulation Explorer • Launch date: 2006 • Altitude: 250 km • Orbit: sun synchronous • Main payload: three-axis gradiometers • Observables: diagonal gravity gradient tensor components, Txx, Tyy, Tzz • Predicted accuracy: 100 to 6 mE/√Hz • Measurement band: 100 to 5 mHz ASTROD 2006

  27. Future Needs • ESA funded Earth Sciences study: “Enabling Observation Techniques for Future Solid Earth Missions” by EADS Astrium • Low-low SST • Satellite Gravity Gradiometry (SGG) • Observables: diagonal gravity gradient tensor components, Txx, Tyy, Tzz • Required accuracy: down to 0.1 mE/√Hz • Measurement band: 100 to 0.1 mHz • (Pointing rate knowledge: 4·10-11 rad s-1/√Hz) • Will current three-axis gradiometer technology be able to meet these requirements? • Can atom interferometry do it better? ASTROD 2006

  28. Planets and Moons • ESA funded GSP study: “Gravity Gradient Sensor Technology for Future Planetary Missions” by University of Twente ASTROD 2006

  29. Future Needs • Volume and mass constraints • Size: TBD (assumed 10 cm) • Weight: ~3 kg • Available data: line of sight • Required accuracy: 1 mE/√Hz • Airplane gradiometers (Earth, Mars, Titan) • Technology review: • Superconducting devices • MEMS • Atom interferometry ASTROD 2006

  30. AI Gradiometer • Gravity gradiometer Proof-of-Concept (Kasevich et al.) ASTROD 2006

  31. Planetary Gradiometer • Back of the envelope concept • Assuming laser and optics miniaturisation • Vacuum chamber size: ~10 cm • Atom cloud size: ~5 mm • Atomic species: Cs or Rb • Baseline 1 m • Weight: few kg? • Could achieve 1 mE/√Hz • 1 m baseline: 10-13g/√Hz • Interrogation time: 10 s Vacuum chamber with the atom cloud g1 Gravity gradient= (g1-g2)/L 1m control electronics g2 Laser Optical fibers ASTROD 2006

  32. Outline • Presentation of the Optoelectronics Section • Fundamental Physics Missions at ESA • Cosmic Vision • Technology Needs for Future Fundamental Physics Missions • Technology Development Strategy • Earth Observation and Planetology • Current and Planned Activities • Conclusions ASTROD 2006

  33. What is needed • Atom Optics • Space qualified stable Source of Cold Atoms • Compact laser sources for cold atom production • To cool down atoms and control atomic beams • Ultra-stable Raman Lasers • For coherent matter wave splitting • Optical frequency synthesizer • Space qualifiable femtosecond comb • Realisation of a feasible Optical Frequency standard/s for space • Selectmost suitable option from the choices available • Realise a completely optical atomic clock • Design and verification ASTROD 2006

  34. Ongoing Activities • Atom Optics • Laser-cooled Atom Sensor for Ultra-High-Accuracy Gravitational Acceleration and Rotation Measurements • Optical Atomic Clocks • Required linewidth narrower than for optically pumped microwave atomic clocks • Ultra-narrow linewidth probe lasers: ≤ 1 Hz • Laser-pumped Rubidium gas cell clock (780nm/795nm) • Solutions implemented @ 780nm: • External cavity diode laser (ECDL): 100s kHz • Fabry-Perot (FP): 4-6 MHz • Laser-pumped Caesium bean clock (852nm/894nm) • New activity (894nm) in support of navigation/GALILEO • New activity (894nm) ultra-narrow linewidth for a more generic application ASTROD 2006

  35. Planned Activities • Optical Frequency Synthesizer activities • Optical Frequency Comb: Critical Elements Pre-Development • Synthesis of optical frequencies and identification of critical issues for space qualification • Use for future fundamental physics experiments in space • Space Compatibility Aspects of a Fibre-Based Frequency Comb ASTROD 2006

  36. Needed Measurement and Verification • Narrow band diode laser measurements • To support the ongoing DFB/FP activities • To initiate new activities aimed at ultra-narrow linewidth development • Establish consistent traceable standards in Europe • Sources of error in linewidth determination • Heterodyne vs homodyne • Noise sources • Line shape dependencies • Diode laser measurement laboratory • Comparison with other laboratory ASTROD 2006

  37. Possible Future Activities • Laser frequencies for Optical Atomic Clocks – Some possibilities: • Single ion • Hg+ 282 nm • In+ 237 nm • 171Yb+ (Octopole) 467 nm • 171Yb+ (Quadrupole) 435.5 nm • 88Sr+ 674 nm • Cold atom • Strontium (Sr) 698 nm • Ytterbium (Yb) 578 nm • Calcium (Ca) 657 nm • Calcium (Ca) 457.5 nm • Silver (Ag) 661.2 nm ASTROD 2006

  38. Outline • Presentation of the Optoelectronics Section • Fundamental Physics Missions at ESA • Cosmic Vision • Technology Needs for Future Fundamental Physics Missions • Technology Development Strategy • Earth Observation and Planetology • Current and Planned Activities • Conclusions ASTROD 2006

  39. Conclusions • Ongoing/planned work: • Optical Atomic Clocks • Cold atom source for atom interferometry in space • Still a lot to be done • Difficult to secure funding when no clear mission is on the horizon • Adopt strategy of developing generic technologies: • Time keeping • Gravimetry for Earth and planets • Navigation • etc… • Comments and suggestions from experts most welcome ASTROD 2006

  40. 谢 谢 你 Thank you ASTROD 2006

More Related