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Prehistory to Egypt

Prehistory to Egypt. up to circa 1,000 BC. Introduction. Period before writing Paleolithic , up to 13,000 BC Mesolithic , 13,000 - 8,000 BC Neolithic , after 8,000 BC Paleo=old, meso=middle, neo=new lithic=stone. The first “Art”. Development of early visual art Dark outline

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Prehistory to Egypt

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  1. Prehistory to Egypt up to circa 1,000 BC

  2. Introduction Period before writing Paleolithic, up to 13,000 BC Mesolithic, 13,000 - 8,000 BC Neolithic, after 8,000 BC Paleo=old, meso=middle, neo=new lithic=stone

  3. The first “Art” • Development of early visual art • Dark outline • Outline with one color fill • Outline with two contrasting colors • Multi-colored, realistic paintings • First “Sculpture” 30,000 - 15,000 BC • “Venus” figures

  4. Venus of Willendorf • c. 30,000BC

  5. Cave painting • Lascaux France - 13,000 BC • Hall of the Running Bulls

  6. Cave painting

  7. Cave painting

  8. Mesopotamia • Meso - “middle” & potamia - “water” • between Tigris & Euphrates rivers • circa 8,000 BC • Beginnings of Agriculture • Made a stable society possible • What is “Culture”? • Originally - transmitting knowledge of growing food • Now - all knowledge of a society

  9. Map of Mesopotamia

  10. Mesopotamia • Inventions • 1. Pottery • 2. Weaving • 3. Permanent houses • 4. Organized cities • 5. Buying and selling of crops • 6. Calendars

  11. Mesopotamia • Inventions cont. • 7. Mathematics • the idea of “Zero” • 8. Writing • 9. Sail • 10. Wheel

  12. Sumer - 6,000 BC • 4 inventions • 1. Writing • Cuneiform (“Wedge” shaped) • 2. System of Math based on 60 • 60 seconds, 60 minutes, 360 degrees • 3. Wheel c. 3000BC • easier transportation • 4. Beer c.3500BC • safe drink

  13. Sumer cont. • Divine monarchy supported by armed forces • now the basis of all government • Ziggurat • stepped “pyramid” • reverential climbing • ritual, priests did praying, not people • used offerings, sacrifices

  14. Ziggurat

  15. Tell Asmar Statues, c. 2,750 BC

  16. He-Goat,c. 2,600 BC

  17. Standard of Ur, c. 2,400 BC

  18. Sumer cont. • Gilgamesh, c. 2,000 BC • ruler of Uruk (Erech in the bible) • first “Epic”/“buddy” story • Robinhood & Little John, etc. • Gilgamesh is oppressive king • the Gods send Enkidu to wrestle Gilgamesh • the match ends in a draw • they become friends

  19. Gilgamesh cont. • They share many adventures together • They return to Uruk • Ishtar professes her love for Gilgamesh • Gilgamesh rejects her • Ishtar sends the bull of heaven to kill Gilgamesh • Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bull

  20. Gilgamesh cont. • for this the Gods condemn Enkidu to die • This greatly troubles Gilgamesh • He goes to Utnapishtim seeking immorality • Utnap. Shares the story of the great flood • He also tells Gil. Of the location of the plant of eternal life

  21. Gilgamesh cont. • It is located at the bottom of the sea • Gil. Swims and gets it • He returns to the surface and meets a snake • The snake tricks him out of the plant • Gil. Returns home and dies a lonely death

  22. European Ice-Age cultures • c. 4,000 - 1,000 BC • Stonehenge c. 1,400 BC • various stone circles around northern Europe • man-made mounds

  23. Stonehenge

  24. Stonehenge drawing

  25. Babylon • c. 1,900 - 539 BC • Hammurabi’s Code of Laws • An eye for and eye… • Nebuchadnezzer • Jewish capitivity (586-538 BC) • Temple of Entemenaki (Ziggurat) • Foundation of Heaven and Earth • may have been the “Tower of Babel”

  26. Tower of Babel

  27. Babylon cont. • Hanging Gardens • One of 7 ancient wonders of the world • Belshazzar (563-539 BC) • Daniel and the Lion’s Den • Samson and Delilah

  28. Assyria • c. 1,000 BC • Mesopotamia • First militaristic state • Huge cites with master plan • laid out to show “class” system • Sargon II - built, occupied, and abandoned in 1 generation (20 years)

  29. Persia • 539-331 BC • took over Babylon • network of roads

  30. Persia cont. • Zoroastrianism • 1st ethical, monotheistic religion • Twin evil spirit (devil) to the one God • Personal religion, no rituals, priests, or temples • waiting for coming savior, judgement, resurrection

  31. Judea • Hebrews, 12 tribes • earliest written Bible from time of King David, 1,000-961 BC • Third King - Solomon 961-922 BC • Temple of Solomon • House of the Lord • not a place for common worshippers • plans detailed in I Kings, 5-9

  32. Temple of Solomon

  33. Africa • General Concepts • Non-Western culture Africa India Far East • Western culture – influenced by the Greeks

  34. Circular view of time, re-occurring cycles • (also by Meso-american peoples)

  35. Western view of time as linear Past Present Future

  36. Africa cont. • All art is useful, no “art” for arts sake • Not written, oral transmission • Art as symbol of traditions • Reinforce practices that keep tribe alive

  37. Literature / Drama • Mythology / Myth • popular def. - Impossible or untrue story • Real def. – profound human truth portrayed by a fictional story (proverb, parable, fable, etc.) • Strong ethnic/tribal identity

  38. 2 basic questions of story-telling; • Where did we come from? • Where do we go? • Trickster tale • 1 character tricks or betrays another • good and bad tricksters • has a “moral” at the end

  39. Music • Northern Africa • Muslim/Islamic • Arabic • Small groups • Vocal and instruments

  40. Music • Western Africa • Complex rhythms/Polyrhythms • Repeated patterns with soloist • Percussion, sometimes with vocal • Unaccompanied vocal • Large Ensembles • Essential for all ceremonies

  41. Visual Arts • Art classified by purpose • Household objects • Head rests • Stools • Pot lids

  42. Visual arts cont. • Fetish figures • Object with supernatural powers • Power in relation to size • Good or bad • Composite works

  43. Ritual • Initiation rites • Transition from child to adult • Bar Mivtoza • Drivers License • Dance costumes

  44. Kente Cloth • Geometric • Simple Colors • Strip weaving • Strips sewn together to make larger pieces of “fabric” • Each tribe has it’s own pattern (like tartans to the Scots)

  45. Kente cloth

  46. Kente cloth

  47. Kente cloth

  48. Masks • Spirit • Ancestor • uses idea or trait of animal gazelle = fast lion = great hunter • never thrown away, but destroyed

  49. African Mask examples

  50. Fertility figures • Continuance of tribe • Dolls (“Venus” type figures common) • Used by mother until childbirth • then given to female child to ensure her fertility

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