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Ecology

Ecology . AP Biology 2010. Use textbook to: Compare/Contrast Chaparral and Savannah Biomes. Temperature Rainfall Geographic Locations General types of plants/animals (ex. Pine forest) Special adaptations. Freshwater Aquatic Biomes. Zones: photic/aphotic; temperature

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Ecology

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  1. Ecology AP Biology 2010

  2. Use textbook to: Compare/Contrast Chaparral and Savannah Biomes • Temperature • Rainfall • Geographic Locations • General types of plants/animals (ex. Pine forest) • Special adaptations

  3. Freshwater Aquatic Biomes Zones: photic/aphotic; temperature Oligotrophic versus Eutrophic lakes

  4. Cultural Eutrophication Input of nitrogen and phosphorous Algal blooms followed by fish-kills

  5. Marine Biomes Zones: intertidal, neritic, oceanic/pelagic, benthic Nertitic zone Intertidal zone Oceanic/pelgic zone Benthic Zone

  6. How might we expect global climate change to alter world biomes?

  7. Population Ecology Demography – Life tables & survivorship curves

  8. Human Population Survivorship Curves

  9. Life Histories Semelparity: One-time reproduction Iteroparity: repeated reproduction Driving factor: how many offspring survive to reproduce – determines how many offspring; parental investment

  10. Basic factors Affecting Population Size • Number/Age of females • Fertility rate of females • Death rates of females

  11. World fertility rates Purple: 7-8; bottom blue:0-1

  12. Age Structure:

  13. N b/d= per capita rate = bN-dN t dN N = rN r=b-d OR = rN dt t Population Growth In a restricted environment without immigration/emmigration: Change in pop. Size = Births - Deaths for a time interval N = B-D t Intrinsic rate of increase: rmax : exponential growth

  14. Exponential Population Growth

  15. Logistic Growth K = carrying capacity dN = rmaxN( ) K-N dt K

  16. Compare/Contrast • Tundra/Desert • Rainforest/Temperate deciduous forest Geographic locations,Rainfall, temperature, unique adaptations, overall types of plants/animals

  17. Natural Populations have Limits to Growth • Negative Feedback - intrinsic/extrinsic • Density dependent factors: predation, disease K – selection life history traits or r-selected life history traits

  18. Community Ecology • Species Richness – Biodiversity • Historical theories: Gleason’s Individualistic hypothesisversus Clements Interactive hypothesis • Modern theories: • Erlich’s Rivet Theory – tight association • Walker’s Redundancy Model – loose web

  19. Competition • Interspecific – Competitive Exclusion Principle • Ecological niche • Resource partitioning

  20. Ecological Niche Sum of a species use of abiotic and biotic resources in an environment.

  21. Reflect and write a paragraph on the following statement: Humans are responsible for all major ecological issues.

  22. Ecological Interactions • Competition: inter and intra- specific • Predator/Prey: camoflauge, mullerian, batesian mimicry • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism

  23. Batesian Mimicry

  24. Mullerian mimicry

  25. Primary Succession

  26. Secondary Succession

  27. Dominant versus Keystone species • Dominant: highest abundance • Keystone species: disproportional importance for abundance. Removal Experiments

  28. Trophic Organization Secondary production Primary production - amount of light energy converted to chemical energy (glucose) by autotrophs Net primary production – what is available to next trophic levels: Primary-R

  29. Bioaccumulation of Toxins in Food Chain: Ex. Mercury (methylmercury) Mercury in Tuna Sushi Higher at Restaurants than Groceries

  30. Nutrient Cycles

  31. Water Cycle

  32. Phosphorous Cycle

  33. Carbon Cycle

  34. Nitrogen fixation: Endocrine disrupters and flavonoid signalling Jennifer E. Fox1,2, Marta Starcevic1, Kelvin Y. Kow1, Matthew E. Burow1,3 & John A. McLachlan1,3 Top of page Abstract Nitrogen fixation is a symbiotic process initiated by chemical signals from legumes that are recognized by soil bacteria. Here we show that some endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)1, 2, 3, so called because of their effect on hormone-signalling pathways in animal cells, also interfere with the symbiotic signalling that leads to nitrogen fixation. Our results raise the possibility that these phytochemically activated pathways may have features in common with hormonal signalling in vertebrates, thereby extending the biological and ecological impact of EDCs.

  35. Invasive Species NUTRIA

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