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Chemical Control: Insecticides

Chemical Control: Insecticides. Insecticides are one of the four building blocks of IPM. IPM. Chemical. Biological. Plant resistance. Cultural. Component of pest control since the 1950s. At least 3 million workers poisoned each year 20 000 deaths per year

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Chemical Control: Insecticides

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  1. Chemical Control:Insecticides

  2. Insecticides are one of the four building blocks of IPM IPM Chemical Biological Plant resistance Cultural

  3. Component of pest control since the 1950s

  4. At least 3 million workers poisoned each year 20 000 deaths per year Teratogenic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects Not a perfect solution

  5. Public concern about Insecticide use ~100% of us have some insecticide residue in our bodies

  6. Insecticides represent an $ 8 billion industry

  7. For the Correct use of insecticides, we need to consider: Ease of use Insecticide resistance Economics Safety Insect behavior Way of delivery Ecotoxicological impact Toxicology

  8. When to apply? • Thresholds • Calendar applications

  9. Problems with calendar application approach • Resistance • Secondary pests • Destruction of natural enemies • Health hazards • Environmental hazards

  10. Going towards better insecticide use (Dent 2000)

  11. Insecticide Composition Insecticide = Active Ingredient + Additives

  12. Classes of Insecticides Botanical Insecticides • Sabadilla • Nicotine • Quassia • Unsaturated isobutylamides • Ryanodine • Naphtoquinones • Rotenone • Sweet flag • Marigolds • Pyrethrum • Azadirachtin • Essential oils • Botanical insecticides • Synthetic Insecticides • Organochlorines • Organophosphates • Carbamates • Pyrethroids • Neonicotinoids • Biorational Formulations • Growth regulators • Pheromones • Microbial formulations

  13. Botanical Insecticides • Secondary compounds • Alkaloids • Terpenoids • Phenolics • Glucosinolates • Etc.

  14. Reasons for lack of Commercial Development • Perceived as old fashioned • Lack of representation on official lists • Not as dramatic effects as synthetic insecticides • Inactivation by exposure to air and light • Problems due to seasonal availability • Lack of quantitative information regarding dosages • Lack of quantitative information regarding toxicity

  15. Synthetic Insecticides • Synthetic Insecticides • Organochlorines • Organophosphates • Carbamates • Pyrethroids • Neonicotinoids

  16. Affect synaptic transmission

  17. Concerns • Some are highly persistent in the environment • They accumulate in the food chain • If release from fats, poisoning or death • Some are banned in developed countries • Unfortunately, still used in some developing countries

  18. Examples Carbamates Organochlorines - Aldicarb -Carbofuran - DDT - Endosulfan - Aldrin - Gamma HCH - Dieldrin - Gamma BHC Pyrethroids • -Tefluthrin • - Deltamethrin • - Lambda • -cyhalothrin • - Permethrin • - Cypermethrin Organophosphates -Diazinon -Fenitrothion -Dichlorvos -Dimethoate - Malathion • -imidacloprid • -nitempyram • - acetamiprid • - thiamethoxam Neonicotenoids

  19. Biorational Formulations • Biorational Formulations • Growth regulators • Pheromones • Microbial formulations

  20. Growth Regulators • Interfere with development • Disrupt metamorphosis and reproduction • Specific for arthropods

  21. Hormones involved • Moulting hormones or ecdysones - Re-absorption of old cuticle - Deposition, hardening and tanning of new cuticle • Juvenile hormones - Prevent insect from going to next instar.

  22. Concerns • Take longerto act than conventional insecticides • Ecdysones are expensive • Not ideal when larval stages are the pest

  23. Examples Juvenile Hormones - Methoprene - Tebufenozide - Fenoxycarb - Pyriproxifen Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors -Diflubenzuron - Hexaflumuron - Triflumuron Triazine Derivatives -Melamine - Cryomazine

  24. Pheromones • Mediate intraspecific interactions • Around 50 available for IPM • Mostly use in association with traps

  25. Pheromones Uses in IPM • Monitor pest populations • Mass trapping • Mating Disruption • Lure and Kill

  26. Microbial Formulations • Uses bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa and viruses • Mostly used as inundative releases • Specific for arthropods

  27. Increase interest in Microbial Pest Control • Resistance to synthetic insecticides • Decrease in discovery of new synthetic insecticides and increase of discovery of microbial novel agents • Increase in the perception of risk posed by synthetic insecticides • The high host-specificity of microbial pesticides • Improvements in the production and formulation of microbial pesticides • Relaxation of the regulations governing registration of microbial pesticides

  28. The Pesticide Treadmill • Pest resurgence • Secondary pest outbreaks • Pesticide resistance

  29. Going towards better insecticide use (Dent 2000)

  30. Insecticide Composition Insecticide = Active Ingredient + Additives

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