Keywords in TEFL

1. Keywords in TEFL Dr. Csilla Szabó NYME-SEK, FIKI, Department of English Studies

2. Approaches vs. methods Approach: • A theory about the nature of language and language learning • 1. Structural view ALM, TPR. Silent Way • 2. Functional view  semantic and comm. dimension • 3. Interactional view lg is seen as a vehicle for social transaction bw individuals

3. method approach design procedure

4. ELT methods 1. GTM (Grammar Translation Method) • Deductive, L1 is used for explanation • Literature-centred (TL literary texts are used – authentic!) • Central activity: translation • Memorisation of vocabulary lists • Errors are not tolerated

5. What can we use from GTM? • Memorisation of words can be useful • Translation (should not be excluded from the classroom) – integrated skills • Reading authentic literature is always a plus ------------------------------------------------------- • Coursebooks available: Budai László, Angol (TK), Tanuljunk Nyelveket

6. ELT methods 2. Direct Method (DM) • In response to GTM • Inductive learning • Lg is for speaking – focus on oral skills • L1 is not allowed • Not about lg., the lg. itself • SS’s self correction • Pictures, sample sentences, dialogues • Vocab over grammar • Learning occurs naturally

7. What shall we keep from DM? • Inductive approach • More vocab than grammar • Lg is for communication – focus on oral skills ---------------------------------------------------- Coursebook available: ?

8. ELT methods 3. The Audio-lingual Method • Background: behaviourism / habit formation • Stimulus-response-reinforcement • Learning is inductive. • Habit formation by means of repetitions and other mechanical drills. • Natural order of skills. 1. Listening, 2. Speaking, 3. Reading, 4. Writing. • Culture is presented in dialogues (SS memorise them) • Meaning directly, no explicit rules • Focus on pronunciation (oral skills + writing) • L1 is not allowed – may lead to wrong habits in L2

9. What shall we keep from ALM? • Drills – necessary in the phase of accurate reproduction (meaningful, not mechanical!) • Focus on pronunciation (minimal pairs) • Lots of listening ---------------------------------------------------- • Coursebooks: Streamline, Strategies

10. Methods:the Humanistic tradition I. • Silent Way (C. Gattegno) • Theoretical background: cognitive psychology • Lg = rule formation (not habit!) – inductive learning • T = facilitator, silent while teaching! • SS actively explore the lg. • Focus on vocab by visual aids, charts, colour rods • No formal testing • Errors are natural – SS self-correct • Cooperation and enjoyable classroom atmposhere

11. What shall we keep from Silent Way? • Discovery techniques • Great for certain areas • Word charts to recycle vocabulary • Cooperation and relaxed atmosphere ------------------------------------------------------- • No coursebooks available

12. Methods:the Humanistic tradition I. 2. Suggestopedia (G. Lozanov) • No psychological barriers • SS feelings are respected • Infantilisation (T = parent) • Varying intonation to avoid boredom • Materials presented with music and rhythm • Physical features of classrom (cosy) • Pseudo-passive learning attitude • Minimal grammar, large vocabulary

13. What shall we keep from Suggestopedia? • Respect SS’ feelings • Focus on rhythm and intonation • Again, OK a few times a year • Less focus on grammar (see: English as lingua franca) --------------------------------------------------- • Relaxa-books, „villám angol”

14. Methods:the Humanistic tradition III: 3. CLL: Community Language Learning • True holistic/ „whole person” /non-defensive S A R D Security Attention & Aggression Retention & Reflection Discrimination

15. Self-reflection / recorded performance • Focus on culture • T = councellor • L1 is used to clarify meaning • Communication is the major goal/ but no pressure on SS, their feelings are central • Involve SS

16. What shall we keep from CLL? • Reflective listening = students need quiet reflection time in order to learn – it’s a good idea to record SS and let them analyse their own performance

17. Total Physical Response (TPR) • Innate Bio-program:- Listening first, “a blue-print” of lg + developnment of "a cognitive map" of the lg during listening process. • B) Brain Lateralisation:left and right hemisphere have different learning functions.With both hemispheresactivated, learning is more effective. • C) Stress (an affective filter): The lower the stress is, the greater the learning

18. What shall we keep from TPR? • Learning via action – imperatives, focus on non-verbal elements of comm. • More reliance on objects and visuals • Stress-free environment ------------------------------------------------------ E.g. English Party /

19. CA/CLT Communicative Approach: • The goal of language teaching is to develop "communicative competence" • Form-meaning-function together – focus on meaning • Authentic materials • Errors are tolerated • Focus on motivation

20. Principles of CLT • Meaning is paramount • Contextualisation • Effective communication • Judicious use of L1 • Drilling at the initial phase • Integrating all 4 skills + translation • Understandable pronunciation • High fluency + moderate accuracy

21. Techniques to achieve communicative competence: in the seminars