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1. African American English Wolfram & Schilling-Estes
Chapter 7
2. “the paradigm case of ethnicity-based language diversity” “Ebonics,” African American English, African American Vernacular English, African American Language, Black English, Negro English
Scholarly analysis
Media attention: 1960s, late 1970s, 1990s, early 21st century (linguistic profiling)
3. No genetic basis for language differentiation “There is no foundation for maintaining that there is a genetic basis for the kind of language differentiation evidenced by some African Americans.” (p. 212)
“…labels such as African American English and European American English refer to socially constructed ethnolinguistic entities rather than genetically determined language varieties.” (p. 212)
4. The Three Main Issues re AAE (1) the relation of AAE to comparable Anglo American vernacular varieties
(2) the origin and early development of AAVE
(3) the nature of language change currently taking place in this variety, including its development into a widely recognized symbol of cultural identity
5. 7.1 The Status of European American and African American Vernaculars There is a restricted subset of features unique to AAVE (all others are shared)
Frequency of occurrence of common features is important in differentiating varieties
“The uniqueness of AAVE lies more in the particular array of structures that comprise the dialect than it does in the restricted set of potentially unique structures.”
Regional variation within AAVE, but common core of features shared across regions = strong ethnic association of this variety
6. “camouflaged forms” She came running
She come acting like she was real mad
He calls himself a cook
He calls himself dancing
7. 7.2 The Origin and Early Development of AAE The Anglicist Hypothesis
The Creolist Hypothesis
The Neo-Anglicist Hypothesis
The Substrate Hypothesis
8. The Anglicist Hypothesis the roots of AAVE can be traced to the same source as Anglo American dialects: British dialects
9. The Creolist Hypothesis AAVE developed from a “creole” language, similar to other English-based creoles in African and the Caribbean, vestige found in “Gullah,” went through “decreolization”
Developed during 1970s and 1980s: “Black on White” in the Story of English
10. New data to challenge the Creolist Hypothesis: WPA ex-slave narratives, letters, etc. (earlier AAVE not as distinct from Anglo varieties as the Creolist Hypothesis would predict)
Black expatriate insular varieties of English
Examination of the sociohistorical situation and the demographics of the antebellum South
11. The Neo-Anglicist Hypothesis Earlier postcolonial African American speech was directly linked to the early British dialects brought to North America, but AAE has since diverged so that it is now quite distinct from contemporary European American vernacular speech
12. The Substrate Hypothesis Even though earlier AAE may have incorporated many features from regional varieties of English in America, its durable substrate effects have always distinguished it from other varieties of American English (whereas Neo-Anglicist claims that earlier form was identical)
Examples of features from language contact:
Inflectional –s absence: She go
Copula absence: He ugly
Word-final consonant cluster reduction: Lif’ up
13. 7.3 The Contemporary Development of AAE Labov claims divergence based on a few features
Wolfram challenges that claim, although he points out that young African Americans are apparently not participating in the Northern Cities Shift and the Southern Shift as identified by Labov
14. 7.3 The Contemporary Development of AAE The emergence of an increasingly coherent nationwide African American culture (“supraregional norm”)
“oppositional identity”
Hip Hop
15. 7.4 Conclusion AAE is a distinct, robust, and stable socioethnic dialect of English
More research is needed into the relationship to identity
More research is needed into possible characteristics at other levels of dialect