Domain Bacteria

1. Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya

2. Animal Characteristics • Heterotrophs • must ingest others for nutrients • Multicellular • complex bodies • No cell walls • allows active movement • Sexual reproduction • no alternation of generations • no haploid gametophyte

3. Animal Evolution Cnidaria Nematoda Annelida Echinodermata Porifera Platyhelminthes Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms mollusks segmentedworms insectsspiders starfish vertebrates • body & brain size,  mobility backbone redundancy, specialization,  mobility segmentation  body size endoskeleton  digestive sys coelom radial • body complexity  digestive & repro sys body cavity bilateral symmetry distinct body plan; cephalization tissues specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue specialization & body complexity multicellularity bilateral Ancestral Protist

4. pseudocoel coelom cavity acoelomate Body Cavity ectoderm mesoderm • Space for organ system development • increase digestive & reproductive systems • increase food capacity & digestion • increase gamete production • Coelem • mesoderm & endoderm interact during development • allows complex structures to develop in digestive system • ex. stomach endoderm pseudocoelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm coelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm protostome vs. deuterostome

5. Invertebrate: Porifera food taken into each cell by endocytosis • Sponges • no distinct tissues or organs • do have specialized cells • no symmetry • sessile (as adults)

6. Invertebrate: Cnidaria • Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral • tissues, but no organs • two cell layers • radial symmetry • predators • tentacles surround gut opening • extracellular digestion • release enzymes into gut cavity • absorption by cellslining gut polyp medusa

7. mouth tentacles sensory cell discharged nematocyst stingingcell undischarged nematocyst hydra trigger stinging cell with nematocyst Stinging cells of Cnidarians

8. ectoderm mesoderm endoderm Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes • Flatworms • tapeworm, planaria • mostly parasitic • bilaterally symmetrical • have right & left & then have head (anterior) end & posterior end • cephalization =development of brain • concentration of sense organs in head • increase specialization in body plan Animals nowface the world head on! acoelomate

9. Invertebrate: Nematoda • Roundworms • bilaterally symmetrical • body cavity • pseudocoelom = simple body cavity • digestive system • tube running through length of body (mouth to anus) • many are parasitic • hookworm C. elegans

10. Invertebrate: Mollusca • Mollusks • slugs, snails, clams, squid • bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions) • soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells • true coelem • increases complexity & specialization of internal organs

11. Invertebrate: Annelida • Segmented worms • earthworms, leeches • segments • increase mobility • redundancy in body sections • bilaterally symmetrical • true coelem fan worm leech

12. Invertebrate: Arthropoda • Spiders, insects, crustaceans • most successful animal phylum • bilaterally symmetrical • segmented • specialized segments • allows jointed appendages • exoskeleton • chitin + protein

13. Arthropod groups arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts spiders, ticks, scorpions crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae crab, lobster, barnacles, shrmp insects 6 legs, 3 body parts

14. Invertebrate: Echinodermata • Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber • radially symmetrical as adults • spiny endoskeleton • deuterostome loss of bilateral symmetry?

15. Invertebrate quick check… Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata • Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? • Which group is the sponges? • Which are the flatworms? …segmented worms? …roundworms? • Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton? • Which two groups have radial symmetry? • What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry? • Which group has no symmetry?

16. Chordata • Vertebrates • fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals • internal bony skeleton • backbone encasing spinal column • skull-encased brain • deuterostome hollow dorsal nerve cord becomes brain & spinal cord becomes gills or Eustachian tube Oh, look…your firstbaby picture! pharyngeal pouches becomes vertebrae postanal tail becomes tail or tailbone notochord

17. Cephalochordata • Lancelets- • bladelike shape • marine suspension feeders • retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults

18. Urochordata • Tunicates • marine suspension feeders • commonly called sea squirts

19. Fig. 34-2b Myxini (hagfishes) Craniates Petromyzontida (lampreys) Head Vertebrates Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Vertebral column Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Gnathostomes Jaws, mineralized skeleton Actinistia (coelacanths) Osteichthyans Lungs or lung derivatives Lobe-fins Dipnoi (lungfishes) Lobed fins Amphibia (frogs, salamanders) Tetrapods Reptilia (turtles, snakes, crocodiles, birds) Legs Amniotes Amniotic egg Mammalia (mammals) Milk

20. Class Myxini • Hagfishes • Cartilaginous skull and axial rod of cartilage derived from the notochord • Lack jaws and vertebrae

21. Cephalospidomorphi • Lampreys • Jawless vertebrates • Cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord

22. 450 mya salmon, trout, sharks Vertebrates: Fish • Characteristics • body structure • bony & cartilaginous skeleton • jaws & paired appendages (fins) • scales • body function • gills for gas exchange • two-chambered heart; single loop blood circulation • ectotherms • reproduction • external fertilization • external development in aquatic egg gills body

23. Chondrichthyans • Skeleton composed primarily of cartilage • Includes sharks, rays, and skates

24. Shark eggs are fertilized internally but embryos can develop in different ways: • Oviparous: eggs hatch outside the mother’s body • Ovoviviparous: the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk • Viviparous: the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother’s blood

25. Actinopterygii • Ray-finned fishes • Supported by long flexible rays

26. Sarcopterygii • Lobe-finned (muscular pelvic and pectoral fins) • Coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods

27. Humerus Femur Ulna Pelvis Shoulder Tibia Radius Lobe-finned fish Fibula Femur Pelvis Humerus Shoulder Radius Tibia Ulna Fibula Early amphibian Transition to Land Evolution of tetrapods

28. lung buccal cavity glottis closed 350 mya frogs salamanders toads Vertebrates: Amphibian • Characteristics • body structure • legs (tetrapods) • moist skin • body function • lungs (positive pressure) & diffusion through skin for gas exchange • three-chambered heart;veins from lungs back to heart • ectotherms • reproduction • external fertilization • external development in aquatic egg • metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)

29. Fig. 34-21 Orders of Amphibians (a) Order Urodela (b) Order Anura (c) Order Apoda

30. Amniotes • Reptiles, including birds, and mammals\ • Have a terrestrially adapted egg

31. Fig. 34-25 Chorion Allantois Yolk sac Amnion Embryo Amniotic cavity with amniotic fluid Yolk (nutrients) Albumen Shell

32. leathery shell embryo amnion chorion allantois yolk sac 250 mya dinosaurs, turtles lizards, snakes alligators, crocodile Vertebrates: Reptiles • Characteristics • body structure • dry skin, scales, armor • body function • lungs for gas exchange • thoracic breathing; negative pressure • three-chambered heart • ectotherms • reproduction • internal fertilization • external development in amniotic egg

33. Fig. 34-27 (a) Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) (b) Australian thorny devil lizard (Moloch horridus) (c) Wagler’s pit viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri) (d)Eastern box turtle (Terrapenecarolinacarolina) (e) American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

34. lung trachea anterior air sacs posterior air sacs 150 mya finches, hawk ostrich, turkey Vertebrates: Birds (Aves) • Characteristics • body structure • feathers & wings • thin, hollow bone;flight skeleton • body function • very efficient lungs & air sacs • four-chambered heart • endotherms • reproduction • internal fertilization • external development in amniotic egg

35. Fig. 34-30 (a) Emu (b) Mallards (c) Laysan albatrosses (d) Barn swallows

36. muscles contract diaphragm contracts 220 mya / 65 mya mice, ferret elephants, batswhales, humans Vertebrates: Mammals • Characteristics • body structure • hair • specialized teeth • body function • lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure • four-chambered heart • endotherms • reproduction • internal fertilization • internal development in uterus • nourishment through placenta • birth live young • mammary glands make milk

37. Vertebrates: Mammals • Sub-groups • monotremes • egg-laying mammals • lack placenta & true nipples • duckbilled platypus, echidna • marsupials • pouched mammals • offspring feed from nipples in pouch • short-lived placenta • koala, kangaroo, opossum • placental • true placenta • nutrient & waste filter • shrews, bats, whales, humans

38. Fig. 34-32

39. Fig. 34-33a (a) A young brushtail possum

40. OrderPrimate • Hands and feet adapted for grasping • A large brain and short jaws • Forward-looking eyes close together on the face, providing depth perception • Complex social behavior and parental care • A fully opposable thumb (in monkeys and apes)

41. Living Primates • Three main groups of living primates: • Lemurs, lorises, and pottos • Tarsiers • Anthropoids (monkeys and apes)

42. Fig. 34-36

43. Fig. 34-38 (a) New World monkey (b) Old World monkey

44. Fig. 34-39 (a) Gibbon (b) Orangutan (c) Gorilla (d) Chimpanzees (e) Bonobos

45. Human Characteristics • Less hair • Shorter jaw • Less pronounced canines • Language capability • Bipedal and upright locomotion • Less pronounced sexual dimorphism

46. Fig. 34-40 Paranthropus robustus Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens 0 Homo ergaster ? Paranthropus boisei 0.5 1.0 Australopithecus africanus 1.5 2.0 Kenyanthropus platyops 2.5 Australopithecus garhi Australo- pithecus anamensis Homo erectus 3.0 Millions of years ago 3.5 Homo habilis Homo rudolfensis 4.0 4.5 Australopithecus afarensis Ardipithecus ramidus 5.0 5.5 Orrorin tugenensis 6.0 6.5 Sahelanthropus tchadensis 7.0

47. Vertebrate quick check… • Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells? • Which vertebrates are covered with scales? • What adaptations do birds have for flying? • What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have? • Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are endothermic • Why must amphibians live near water? • What reproductive adaptations made mammals very successful? • What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-groups of mammals?

48. That’s the buzz! AnyQuestions?