Management Control

1. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • = manually or mechanically damaging plants Removing beachgrass (Ammophila arinaria) from Lanphere Dunes CA Uprooting tamarisk (Tamarix spp) in Arizona

2. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Advantages • Generally much less public opposition: people will even volunteer! Phragmites australis control in Kampoosa Bog Mass. Volunteers cut reed stems and injected stems with herbicide to kill underground rhizomes Annual monitoring and treatment continues (started in 2000)

3. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Advantages • Generally much less public opposition • Works well on small populations: Lanphere dunes example – 10 acres infested. Removing beachgrass (Ammophila arinaria) from Lanphere Dunes CA

4. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Advantages • Generally much less public opposition • Works well on small populations • Can be extremely specific: minimize damage to other plants or environment Centauria diffusa control in Oregon: weeding out individual knapweed plants while not disturbing surrounding vegetation

5. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Advantages • Generally much less public opposition • Works well on small populations • Can be extremely specific: minimize damage to other plants or environment • But not always specific… Brush hog control for Tamarix

6. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Advantages • Generally much less public opposition • Works well on small populations • Can be extremely specific • Disadvantages • Labor & time intensive: beach grass removal at Lanphere Dunes took 2,951 person-hours per acre over 3 years (at $7.00 per hour, that’s $20,657 per acre). VOLUNTEERS ARE ESSENTIAL!

7. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Advantages • Generally much less public opposition • Works well on small populations • Can be extremely specific • Disadvantages • Labor & time intensive • Often requires follow-up treatments: Lanphre dunes took 3 years of repeated treatments.

8. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Advantages • Generally much less public opposition • Works well on small populations • Can be extremely specific • Disadvantages • Labor & time intensive • Often requires follow-up treatments • Inadvertent damage

9. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants

10. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants • Not effective: perennials with rhizomes

11. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants • Not effective: perennials with rhizomes • Advantages: (1) specificity

12. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants • Not effective: perennials with rhizomes • Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact

13. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants • Not effective: perennials with rhizomes • Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for equipment

14. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants • Not effective: perennials with rhizomes • Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for equipment Root talon Weed wrench

15. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants • Not effective: perennials with rhizomes • Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for equipment • Disadvantages: (1) labor intensive

16. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants • Not effective: perennials with rhizomes • Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for equipment • Disadvantages: (1) labor intensive; (2) small areas

17. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production

18. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on a greater number of species

19. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on a greater number of species • Not effective: plants that re-sprout or regenerate from fragments

20. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on a greater number of species • Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments • Advantages: (1) primary treatment

21. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on a greater number of species • Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments • Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas

22. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on a greater number of species • Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments • Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor

23. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on a greater number of species • Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments • Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor • Disadvantages: (1) follow-up treatments

24. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on a greater number of species • Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments • Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor • Disadvantages: (1) follow-up treatments; (2) more equipment

25. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials

26. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials • Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments

27. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials • Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments • Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds produced & when soil is dry

28. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials • Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments • Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds produced & when soil is dry; (2) large areas

29. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials • Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments • Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds produced & when soil is dry; (2) large areas • Disadvantages: (1) soil disturbance

30. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials • Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments • Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds produced & when soil is dry; (2) large areas • Disadvantages: (1) soil disturbance; (2) more equipment

31. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Similar to mowing/cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on some perennial species • Not effective: plants that re-sprout Sheep grazing on leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) in a Colorado State University control trial

32. Can even be a lucrative business opportunity…

33. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Similar to mowing/cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on some perennial species • Not effective: plants that resprout • Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor

34. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Similar to mowing/cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on some perennial species • Not effective: plants that resprout • Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment

35. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Similar to mowing/cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on some perennial species • Not effective: plants that resprout • Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil

36. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Similar to mowing/cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on some perennial species • Not effective: plants that resprout • Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil • Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing

37. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Similar to mowing/cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on some perennial species • Not effective: plants that resprout • Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil • Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments

38. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Similar to mowing/cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on some perennial species • Not effective: plants that resprout • Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil • Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments • Considerations: (1) type of animal

39. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Similar to mowing/cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on some perennial species • Not effective: plants that resprout • Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil • Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments • Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of grazing

40. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Similar to mowing/cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on some perennial species • Not effective: plants that resprout • Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil • Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments • Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of grazing; (3) controlling movement

41. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Similar to mowing/cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on some perennial species • Not effective: plants that resprout • Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil • Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments • Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of grazing; (3) controlling movement; (4) controlling seed dispersal

42. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Similar to mowing/cutting • Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production • Repeated: effective on some perennial species • Not effective: plants that resprout • Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil • Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments • Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of grazing; (3) controlling movement; (4) controlling seed dispersal; (5) predation

43. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Example: Patterson’s Curse (Echium plantangineum) in Australia – grazing worked almost as well as herbicide to control • ‘Crash grazing’ – short duration, high stocking rate

44. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Example: Medusahead (Taenatherium caput-medusae)in California (UC coop. extension) • ‘Intensive grazing’ – short duration, high stocking rate “Excellent control was obtained with very high-density and short-duration grazing, but these levels are difficult for many ranchers to duplicate. Additional funding expands the research …and will examine the effect of lower animal densities and longer grazing periods on medusahead control”

45. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Prescribed burn • Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody

46. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Prescribed burn • Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody • Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Scotch broom prescribed burn (photo USFS) Desert grassland prescribed burn; prevent woody Plant encroachment (photo USFS)

47. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Prescribed burn • Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody • Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance • Advantages: (1) win-win scenario

48. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Prescribed burn • Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody • Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance • Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas

49. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Prescribed burn • Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody • Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance • Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas • Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment

50. Management • Control • Mechanical methods • Weeding • Mowing & brush cutting • Tilling • Grazing • Prescribed burn • Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody • Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance • Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas • Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment; (2) control