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Operating Systems 11 - disk

Operating Systems 11 - disk. PIETER HARTEL. Hardware. Intended for humans, local devices and communication (challenge?) Hardware support for interrupts and DMA. Direct Memory Access (DMA). CPU sends commands to controller indicating: w hat to do and w here in memory to get/put the data

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Operating Systems 11 - disk

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  1. Operating Systems 11 - disk PIETER HARTEL

  2. Hardware • Intended for humans, local devices and communication (challenge?) • Hardware support for interrupts and DMA

  3. Direct Memory Access (DMA) • CPU sends commands to controller indicating: • what to do and • where in memory to get/put the data • Controller runs in parallel with CPU • Problem : Contention for system bus cycles • Solution : I/O processor or I/O bus

  4. Design issues • Efficiency • Buffering (how?) • Scheduling • Generality • Layering • Uniform access – Unix!

  5. #define M 1024*1024 /* One MByte */ int main(intargc, char *argv[]) { int out = open(argv[1], O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666); int n = atoi(argv[2]); lseek(out, n*M-1, SEEK_SET); write(out, "\0", 1); close(out); return 0; } Sparse files &Network vs disk • gccSparse.c • for d • in . /tmp • do • for n • in 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 • do • time ./a.out $d/$n.dat $n • time cat $d/$n.dat> $d/junk • done • done • ls –l /tmp/*dat /tmp.junk Time (s)

  6. Mechanisms • Disk with rotating platter and moving arm (alternative?) • Timing • Access time depends on the seek time + rotational delay • Transfer time depends on the rotational speed and the channel bandwidth • Example: • Small blocks? ??? 4ms 4ms 10ms/MB

  7. Disk scheduling policies • Example: head @ 100, queue contains 55,58,39,18,90,160,150,38,184 • Many requests • Known address + size • Which order? • SSTF has an issue…

  8. Redundant Array of Independent Disks • Several physical drives seen as one logical drive • Data is striped across the disks (why?) • Redundancy(why?)

  9. Linux design – uniform! • Block devicesfor fast peripherals • Character devices for slow peripherals • Policies • LRU block replacement policy (why?) • SCAN scheduler for block R/W • Devices are handled as special files: • df -l • ls –l /dev/cciss/c0d0p2 /dev/tty • cat /dev/tty >junk

  10. #define M 1024*256 #define N 1000 /* number of buffers written */ intmain(intargc, char *argv[]) { int out = open(argv[1], O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666); inti,k; intbuf[M]; /* One Mbyte */ for(i=0;i<N;i++) { for(k=0;k<M;k++) { buf[k] = i*N+k; } write(out,buf,sizeof(buf)); } if(argc>=3) { fdatasync(out); posix_fadvise(out,0,0, POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED); } close(out); return 0; } Disk cache • man free • gccFadvise.c

  11. Summary • Without I/O no communication with the outside world • Caching crucial for performance • Disks are slower than the CPU hence more scope for scheduling • RAID for more dependable storage

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