ECOLOGY

1. ECOLOGY Unit Two

2. What is Life? • As we stated in Unit One, biology is the study of ____________ ___ ______________________ • There are ____________criteria that determine whether something is living or nonliving • Do you know any of the eight characteristics that all living organisms share?

3. What is Life? • Characteristics of living organisms 1.) Made of ___________ - made of one or more cells 2.) _________________________ - organized structures carry out specific functions 3.) ___________and Development - increase in mass and abilities 4.) _______________________ - pass along traits from generation to generation

4. What is Life? 5.) Response to ______________ - internal and external stimuli trigger responses 6.) Requires _________________ - either make your own or consume other food 7.) Maintain ________________ - keep internal conditions stable 8.) ______________________ - inherited changes that occur over time for survival

5. Levels of Organization

6. Organisms and Their Relationships Ecology • Scientific discipline in which the relationships among _________________organisms and their _________________

7. Organisms and Their Relationships Biosphere is the portion of earth that _________________ ___________ • Several kilometers above the Earth’s surface • Several kilometers below the ocean’s surface

8. Organisms and Their Relationships ____________Factors • Living factors in an organism’s environment • What examples of biotic factors can you think of?

9. Organisms and Their Relationships ____________Factors • Nonliving factors in an organism’s environment • What examples of abiotic factors can you think of?

10. Organisms and Their Relationships • The ultimate source of the energy for life is the ___________ • Plants use the sun’s energy to manufacture food in a process called _________________

11. Organisms and Their Relationships Consumers: _____________________ • __________________ • A heterotroph that feeds only on __________________is an herbivore • Animals such as giraffes eat only plants

12. Organisms and Their Relationships Consumers: Heterotrophs • ____________________ • Heterotrophs that eat ______________ __________________ • Animals such as lions that kill and eat only other animals

13. Organisms and Their Relationships Consumers: Heterotrophs • _________________ • eat animals that have already__________ • Examples of scavengers are __________________and horseshoe crabs

14. Organisms and Their Relationships Consumers: Heterotrophs • _______________________ • Organisms such as bacteria and _________ • ____________down the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants and animals • Simpler molecules can be more easily absorbed

15. Organisms and Their Relationships Symbiotic Relationships • Close relationship that exists when _______or more species live____________________ • What examples can you think of?

16. Organisms and Their Relationships __________________ -Relationship in which ___________ organisms benefit - This is a win-win scenario - Example: bees and orchid flowers

17. Organisms and Their Relationships ____________________ -__________organism benefits and _______ is neither helped nor harmed - This is a win for one species involved - Example: barnacles and whales

18. Organisms and Their Relationships ____________________ -_________ organism benefits at the ___________________of another organism -This is a win-lose scenario - Example: ticks and dogs

19. Organisms and Their Relationships _______________________ - Organisms of a _______________species that share the same geographic location at the same time - Example: All of the tigers visiting an African waterhole

20. Organisms and Their Relationships Biological_______________ - group of ______________ populations that occupy the same geographic area at the same time - Example: birds, gazelles and zebras drinking at the same water source

21. Organisms and Their Relationships • ________________________ -Biological community and all of the ________________ factors that affect it - Example: a lake ecosystem - fish - water - plants - birds - rocks

22. Organisms and Their Relationships ____________________ - large group of ecosystems - share the same ____________ and have _____________________types of communities - How many different types of biomes can you remember?

23. Organisms and Their Relationships ____________________ - an area where an organism lives ____________________ - the role or position that an organism has in its environment

24. Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Autotrophs • Organism that collects energy from ________________ or ____________________substances to produce food Heterotrophs • Organism that gets its energy requirements by consuming _________________organisms VS.

25. Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem ______________Chain - a simple model that shows how ________flows through an ____________ - Which organisms are autotrophsin the figure to the right? - Which organisms are heterotrophs in the figure to the right?

26. Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Food ______________ - model representing the __________________food chains in an ecosystem - shows how ___________ flows through a group of organisms - What organism(s) are at the top of this food web?

27. Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem _________________Level - Each step in a food web or food chain - The amount of available energy _______________as you head up trophic levels - What does this mean for the hawk in the figure to the right?

28. Cycles of Matter The Water Cycle

29. Cycles of Matter The Carbon Cycle

30. Cycles of Matter The Nitrogen Cycle

31. Cycles of Matter The Phosphorus Cycle

32. Community Ecology ________________Factor • Abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the __________________, reproduction, or ____________________of organisms • Examples: sunlight, climate, temperature, and water

33. Community Ecology Range of __________________ • An _______________limit and _____________limit that define the conditions in which an organism can survive • Tolerance is the ability of any organism to ___________when subjected to abiotic or biotic factors What happens to trout placed in 26°C water? Why?

34. Community Ecology Ecological ___________________ • When abiotic or biotic factors cause one community to _________________another • Establishment in an area of exposed rock that does not have any topsoil is ___________________succession

35. Community Ecology • ______________________Succession - Orderly , predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been _________________but the ______has remained intact

36. Terrestrial Biomes Effects of Latitude and Climate - Weather is a condition of the ____________________at a specific time and place - Latitude is the distance of any point on the surface of the Earth ____________or __________from the equator - How would a biome’s latitude impact its weather?

37. Terrestrial Biomes • ___________________ - average weather conditions in an area including ______________________ and __________________ - Biomes are classified by their plants, temperature and precipitation - Which biome on the graph to the right receives the least amount of annual rainfall?

38. Terrestrial Biomes • _________________ Precipitation: 15-25cm/yr Temperature:-34 to 12 degrees Celsius Location: South of the polar ice caps in the Northern hemisphere Abiotic factors: soggy summers; permafrost; cold and dark

39. Terrestrial Biomes • ________________Forest Precipitation:30-84 cm/yr Temperature: -54 to 21 degrees Celsius Location: Northern part of North America, Europe and Asia Abiotic Factors: short summers, long winters, cold and dry

40. Terrestrial Biomes • ________________Forest Precipitation: 75-150 cm/yr Temperature: -30 to 30 degrees C Location: South of the boreal forest in eastern North America, eastern Asia, Australia and Europe Abiotic factors: summers hot winters cold

41. Terrestrial Biomes • Temperate ____________ Precipitation: 38-100 cm/yr Temperature range: 10 to 40 degrees C Location: Western coast of North and South America, South Africa and Australia Abiotic factors: Summers are very hot and dry; winters cool and wet

42. Terrestrial Biomes • Temperate ____________ Precipitation: 50-89 cm/yr Temperature: -40 to 38 degrees C Location: North America, South America, Asia, Africa and Australia Abiotic Factors: summers are hot; winters are cold; moderate rainfall

43. Terrestrial Biomes • _________________ Precipitation: 2-26 cm/yr Temperature: high 20 to 49 and low -18 to 10 degrees C Location: Every continent except Europe Abiotic Factors: varying temperatures; low rainfall

44. Terrestrial Biomes • Tropical ______________ Precipitation: 50-130 cm/yr Temperature: 20 to 30 degrees C Location: Africa, South America, and Australia Abiotic factors: summers are hot and rainy; winters cool and dry

45. Terrestrial Biomes • _________Seasonal Forest Precipitation: >200cm/yr Temperature: 20 to 25 degrees C Location: Africa, Asia, Australia, and South and Central America Abiotic Factors: rainfall Is seasonal

46. Terrestrial Biomes • Tropical ________Forest Precipitation: 200-1000 cm/yr Temperature: 24 to 27 degrees C Location: Central and South America, southern Asia, western Africa, and northeast Australia Abiotic Factors: humid, hot and wet

47. Terrestrial Biomes Mountain biomes change with ______________elevation

48. Aquatic Ecosystems • The _________zone is shallow enough that sunlight is able to penetrate • The _________zone is an area where sunlight is unable to penetrate In what zone would you expect to find more plant life? Why?

49. Aquatic Ecosystems • Open ocean surface has lots of ______________ • _________________ • Primary producers in open ocean systems • Photosynthetic plankton accounts for ____% of all photosynthesis on Earth. • Pollution destroying plankton eventually will affect atmosphere

50. Human Population • _____________________ - study of human population size, density, distribution, movement and birth and death rates