Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

1. Pesticide BasicsUses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

2. Did you know? • 5 million at risk population (U.S. EPA, 1992) • 250-500 physician-diagnosed cases occur per 100,000 agricultural workers (Blondell, 1997). • Migrant and seasonal farmworkers are especially at high risk • 84% of American households used pesticides, most commonly insecticides (Whitmore et al, 1992) • Homeowners use 5-10 lbs/ acre/yr on their lawns and gardens, many x greater than farmers apply to corn and soybean fields (Robinson et al, 1994).

3. Did you know? • Non -agricultural pesticide exposure as disinfectants widespread: (e.g., pine oil cleaners, bathroom cleaning products, and cleaning materials for swimming pools). • Non-Ag Sector a concern = pest control, nurseries, greenhouses, and landscaping. • The medical profession uses disinfectants to sanitize and sterilize surfaces and instruments. • Organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides most implicated for poisonings. • Water chlorination is one of the largest (by tonnage) uses of pesticides.

4. Where Are Pesticides Used? • Forests to control insects and under-story vegetation; • Landscapes, parks, and recreational areas to control weeds, insects, and disease pests; • Rights-of-way along railroads and under electric wires to control vegetation; • Houses, schools, and commercial and office buildings to control insects, rodents, and fungi; • Boat hulls to control fouling organisms;

5. Where Are Pesticides Used? • Aquatic sites to control mosquitoes and weeds • Wood products to control wood-destroying organisms • Food preparation areas to control insects and rodents • Human skin to kill or repel insects • Household pets to control fleas and ticks • Livestock to control insects and other pests.

6. Non Occupational Pesticide Encounters • Accidental or intentional ingestion • Food and water residues • Contaminated clothing • Treated wood/structures • Residues on animals/carpets • Garden residues • Termite control • Hazardous waste sites/spills

7. Agriculture Pesticide Applications Boom sprayer Aerial Enclosed cab Backpack wand Air blast sprayer

8. Agriculture Jobs Orchard thinner Mixer loader Picker Flagger

9. Aerial equipment maintenance Agronomists Building maintenance work Emergency responders Entomologists Firefighters Forestry workers Formulating end product Greenhouse- nursery workers Hazardous waste workers Landscapers Livestock dippers and veterinarians Marina workers Medical personnel Park workers Plant pathologists Research chemistry Sewer work Storage/warehouse work Structural application Transporting pesticides Treating contaminated workers Vector control workers Wood treatment workers Work on highway or railroad rights of way Professions Exposed to Pesticides

11. Key Household Safety Points “ Partly Trained Gorillas Always Run Down Streets Doing Cartwheels” • Proximity • Take home • Garden • Animals • Recycle • Decant • Storage • Disposal • Child play/daycare

12. ROUTES OF EXPOSURE OP’s are readily absorbed: Across the SKIN with skin contact In the lungs with INHALATION of pesticide contaminated air/dust In the gut by INGESTION of pesticide residue on food/dirt/dust Source: EPA Protect Yourself from Pesticides-Guide of Agricultural Workers

13. Risk Factors for Occupational Pesticide Exposures • Concentration of commercial preparations > than diluted final product = greater risk • AG workers highest exposure risk in mixing, loading, applying, and flagging. Source: H Murphy - Cambodia

14. Occupational Risk Factors • Pregnant Women: 1st trimester • Field workers entering sprayed field before re-entry interval [REI] • Residuals on skin and clothes • How to remove PPE • How to clean PPE • Showering after use

15. Evidence? Agriculture Risk Factors • Indonesia: • Cocktail mixture of multiple products • Spray frequency • Skin contact > wet clothing • Use of toxic products (1a/Ib, II) • Washington state: • Protective: Chemically resistant boots • Protective: Full face respirators • Risk: Mixing and loading pesticides • Risk: Cleaning equipment • Protective: Using a workplace locker for PPE Source: H Murphy - Indonesia

16. Preventing Pesticide Illness Non-chemical Alternatives Primary Engineering Controls Secondary Personal Protective Equipment [PPE] Tertiary It’s the law

17. Risk factors for pesticide exposures at home • Migrant families > risk • Children’s vulnerability • Location near fields • Take home pathway • Pesticide storage and use in homes • Multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS)

18. Migrant Families • Living conditions: quality and location • Communication: language and literacy • Immigration status • Access to health care • Diet

19. Unintentional (Accidental) • GIabsorption from accidental ingestion = acute poisonings • Respiratory and dermal absorption from surrounding environment • Hand to mouth activity in children

20. Occupational • Dermal is most important • Inhalation is a common pathway • Ingestion less common but can occur if not use gloves or poor hygiene

21. Intentional (Suicide/Homicide/Abuse) • Ingestion is primary pathway • Inhalation is another pathway, although primary agents of abuse in this manner are non-pesticide chemicals (aromatic solvents).

22. Washington State Source of Case Reports 2002 and 2003 Combined Workman’s Comp Dept of AG Poison Control Source: 2004 Pesticide Incident Reporting and Tracking (PIRT) Annual Report

23. 67% Washington State Pesticide Events - 2003 Source: 2004 Pesticide Incident Reporting and Tracking (PIRT) Annual Report

24. Agricultural vs. Non-Agricultural Cases of Poisonings Source: 2004 Pesticide Incident Reporting and Tracking (PIRT) Annual Report

25. Occupational versus Non-Occupational Cases of Pesticide Poisoning Source: 2004 Pesticide Incident Reporting and Tracking (PIRT) Annual Report

26. Proportion of Poisonings Ranked 8th Cause of Poisonings = 102,754 cases in 2005 (4.2%) Adults Children Source: Watson WA. 2004 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System

27. US: Intentional vs. Accidental Accidental 84% Suicide 8% 6 suicide attempts used pesticides out of 196,164

28. WHO Sentinel Surveillance

29. Pesticide ‘cide = to kill Disinfectants Fumigants

30. Pesticide Chemical Families-grouping based on similarities- • Similar chemically (similar structure) • Attacks pests in a similar way (toxicity) • Common treatment + antidote Pyrethroid PY Organophosphate OP Carbamate C Organochlorine OC Chlorophenoxy Paraquat Diquat

31. Pesticide Sample Label • Type of pesticide (used for?) • Company name • Brand name • Common/generic name (active ingredient) • Chemical family (? atropine under 1st aid) • Signal word (hazard level)

33. Pesticide Classification Table

34. Exercise: Classifying Pesticides Pesticide Labels Bayer Temik Aldicarb Insecticide Carbamate Danger-poison la Verdicon Sevin Carbaryl Insecticide Carbamate Caution ll UCP Alliance Thiodan Endosulfan Insecticide Organochlorine Warning ll Bayer Guthion Azinophos methyl Insecticide Organophospate Danger-poison lb Dow Dursban Chlorpyrifos Insecticide Warning ll Organophospate Syngenta Gramoxone Paraquat Herbicide Paraquat Danger-poison ll Helena Weed Rhap 2, 4-D Herbicide Chlorophenoxy Danger-poison ll DuPont Asana Esfenverlate Insecticide Pyrethroid Warning lV Bayer Captan Captan Fungicide Danger-poison II Max Roundup Glyphosate Herbicide Caution U-IV Fungicide Mancozeb Dow U-IV Caution Dithane Cerexagri-Nisso III Ziram Fungicide Ziram Danger

35. How toxic is it? Source: Richards, Kerry Penn State University Extension Service

36. Source: Richards, Kerry Penn State University Extension Service

37. LD50 Lethal dose = Amount of chemical it takes to kill 50% of an experimental population

38. Source: Richards, Kerry Penn State University Extension Service

39. * * DANGER/POISON = extremely toxic by ingestion DANGER = extremely toxic high potential for skin and eye irritation Adapted from Richards, Kerry Penn State University Extension Service

40. Source: Richards, Kerry Penn State University Extension Service

41. Insecticides • ChE Inhibitors: • Organophosphates • n-methyl carbamates • Pyrethroids • Pyrethrins (ocloresin extract of chrysanthemum) • Pyrethroids (the synthetic derivative) • Organochlorines (e.g. DDT) • DEET • Boric Acid • Fluorides • Nicotine • Arsenicals

42. Herbicides • Chlorophenoxy herbicides (e.g. 2-4D) • Paraquat and diquat • Pentachlorophenol and dinitrocresol (wood preservatives) • Copper chromium arsenate ( decks, fences, and children’s wood playground sets – d/c 2003)

43. Fungicides • Hexachlorobenzene • Thiram • Maneb • Methylmercury compounds

44. Fumigants • Cyanide, • 1, 3-dichloropropane • Metam sodium • Methyl bromide • Naphthalene • Phosphine gas (from aluminum phosphide)

45. Rodenticides • Warfarin-related compounds: • Warfarin • Coumarins • Brodifacoum • Difenacoum (so-called “super warfarins”) • Others: • Thallium • Zinc phosphide • Sodium fluoroacetate

46. Disinfectants • Agents used for sanitization and sterilization in the home and hospital • Registered as pesticides by the U.S. EPA • Examples include • Alcohols • Chlorhexidine • Hypochlorites • Iodines • Phenols • Pine oil

48. Organophosphates: 30”-240 & Carbamates: 15”-30

49. Pyrethroids Pyrethroids: are irritants to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The symptoms last from 1-2 hours. Systemic toxicity from inhalation or dermal absorption is low. Cyno-pyrethroids: fenverlate, flucythrinate, fluvalinate cypermethrine, deltapermethrin,

50. The nerves stimulating glands are not affected so you will NOT see: excessive salivation excessive sweating excessive eye tearing (or over-stimulation of small muscles like) twitching eyelids CNS Effects Muscle Weakness Dizziness Headache Numbness Nausea/vomiting LOC Seizures Tremors Ataxia Anxiety/restlessness Confusion Organochlorines: 10 - 480lipophylic