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Hazardous Chemicals and Their Uses

This article provides information on various hazardous chemicals, their uses, and associated health risks. Topics covered include potent herbicides and biocides, manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, perfumes, and food supplies, lacrimator agents, production of plastics and paper, carcinogenic substances, agents causing liver cancer, bladder cancer, leukemia/lymphoma, and lung cancer, notable chemical disasters, and the toxic properties of specific chemicals.

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Hazardous Chemicals and Their Uses

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  1. ACMT Misc Tox Jeopardy

  2. -Potent herbicide & biocide -Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, perfumes, food suppls, & resins -WWI Lacrimator Acrolein

  3. -Used to make plexiglass -Plastics, paper, dentistry, cosmetics, toys Acrylates

  4. -Fumigant, solvent • -Production of dye, lubricants, adhesives, drugs • Penetrates rubber • -Sweet, chloroform odor has poor warning property Epichlorohydrin

  5. -Fumigant (grain- banned, 1948) -Fire extinguishers -Lead scavenger in gasoline Ethylene dibromide (EDB)

  6. Flu-like illness following exposure to heated vapors Polymer fume fever (similar to metal fume fever)

  7. IARC Classification Group 1 Carcinogenic to humans Group 2A Probably carcinogenic to humans Group 2B Possibly carcinogenic to humans Group 3 Not classifiable... to humans Group 4 Probably not carcinogenic to humans

  8. Agents Causing Liver Cancer • Aflatoxins (mold) • Anabolic steroids • Arsenic= angiosarcoma • Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)?? • Vinyl chloride (PVC manufacturing)= angiosarcoma

  9. Agents Causing Bladder Cancer • Aniline • P-Phenylenediamine (PPD) • Aromatic Amines • Benzidine, b-naphthylamine • Arsenic • Aristolochia (herb): uretheral CA

  10. Agents Causing Leukemia/ Lymphoma • Benzene • Butadienes (2A): lymphohematopoetic • P-Phenylenediamine (PPD) (also bladder CA)

  11. Agents Causing Lung Cancer • Asbestos (mesothelioma) • Arsenic • Cadmium • Chromium • Coal Tar Products (also brain, skin scrotal CA) • Nickel • Tobacco smoke: benzo(a)pyrene

  12. Bhopal, India Union Carbide release of: Methylisocyanate (MIC)

  13. Toxic Oil Syndrome Spain, 1982 Rapeseed oil denatured with aniline (pulmonary disease)

  14. Jake Leg Paralysis Triorthocresyl phosphate: -Jamacian ginger contaminated by TOCP -delayed sensory-motor neuropathy Also: Morocco: OPIDN after TOCP adulterated cooking oil

  15. Epping England, 1965 Flour + methylenedianiline Toxic hepatitis “Epping Jaundice”

  16. Turkey, 1956 Wheat + hexachlorobenzene Porphyria cunea tarda

  17. Used as: oxidizer, pesticide, explosives, bleaching paper Chlorates

  18. Used to make explosives & dyes Dinitrobenzene also Dinitrotoluene

  19. Dyes, solvent, emulsifier (skin creams/ latex) Sensitizer= contact dermatitis Sensitizer= occupational asthma Ethylenediamine

  20. O-Phenylenediamine (OPD) vs P-Phenylenediamine (PPD) Similarities vs different toxicities? Similarities: both are used in dyes O-Phenylenediamine (OPD) -Severe urticaria/ dermatitis P-Phenylenediamine (PPD) -Bladder cancer

  21. -Used to manufacture dyes and pharmaceuticals • -Gasoline additive • -Intermediate in synthesis of: • wood preservatives • wetting agents for textiles • frothing agents for ore dressing • special lacquers • metal complexes Xylidine

  22. Acrylamides vs Acrylates -Similarities -Differences Similarities: polymer production Irritants Differences: Acrylamide- axonopathy

  23. Dimethylamine vs Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) vs Dimethylformamide Dimethylamine -Breaks down to HCl, phosgene -P. neuropathy Dimethylacetamide -Paint remover, solvent for plastics -Potent hepatotoxin Dimethylformamide -Universal solvent, penetrates plastics -Potent hepatotoxin -Disulfiram rxn

  24. Dinitrobenzene vs Dinitrotoluene -Similarities -Differences Similarities: -Used in explosives -MetHb -Yellowing of skin/ hair/ eyes -Optic neuropathy Differences: DNB -Hepatic necrosis, aplastic anemia DNT -Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation

  25. Ethylene dibromide vs Ethylenediamine Ethylene dibromide -Fumigant, fire extinguishers, lead scavenger in gas -Hepatotoxicity -Strong irritant -Animal carcinogen (hemangiosarcoma, nasal CA) Ethylenediamine -Solvent, dyes, emulsifier -Sensitizer: contact dermatitis, occup asthma -MetHb

  26. Odorant in natural gas Mercaptans (Mercaptomethane)

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