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The Nile River Valley. Settling the Nile. Earliest Egyptians move into the Nile River Valley from less fertile areas. They farmed and built villages along the riverbanks. ______________ – longest river in the world (4,000 miles) Used it for water, farming, bathing and fishing
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Settling the Nile • Earliest Egyptians move into the Nile River Valley from less fertile areas. They farmed and built villages along the riverbanks. • ______________– longest river in the world (4,000 miles) • Used it for water, farming, bathing and fishing • Narrow green valley in Egypt. • Nile Delta, fertile area at end of river
Settling the Nile continued • The ____________, the largest desert in the world, lies west of the Nile Valley • Egypt had several natural borders to protect them • West – Sahara desert • East – Eastern desert • South – dangerous rapids • North – Mediterranean Sea
The River People • Floods along Nile River predictable. Left behind dark fertile soil along its banks. • Farmer grew wheat, barley and flax seeds. • Irrigation canals • _____________, a reed plant that grew along the Nile, was used to make baskets, sandals, and paper. • __________________ – Egyptian system of writing consisting of thousands of picture symbols. • Some Egyptian men learned to read and write – attended schools to become scribes.
The United Egypt • Since the people of Egypt had a surplus of food, some people became artisans instead of farmers. • Egyptians traded with each other and with others in Mesopotamia • Strong chiefs united villages into kingdoms. Eventually, stronger kingdoms overpowered weaker ones. • Two Kingdoms emerged: • Lower Egypt • Upper Egypt • _________ –united the two kingdoms and ruled from the city of Memphis. • His descendants passed the ruling power from father to son to grandson, forming a _________________.
Ancient Egypt was ruled by 31 dynasties that historians have grouped into three time periods: ____________, _______________, ___________________
Early Egyptian Life Social Class Division Upper Class Middle Class Lower Class • _____________ had more rights in Egypt than in any other ancient civilizations • Women could own property, buy and sell goods, make wills, obtain divorces. • Few children went to school in ancient Egypt • Egyptian girls learned how sew, cook, and run a household. Boys learned to farm or a skilled trade.
Ch.2 Sec.2 Egypt’s Old Kingdom Old Kingdom Rulers • The Old Kingdom lasted from about 2600 B.C. until about 2300 B.C. • _____________ were all-powerful Egyptian kings who guided every activity in Egypt. • Pharaohs appointed officials to carry out their commands • Pharaohs were the son of ____, the sun god. They thought pharaohs were gods on earth.
Egypt’s Religion • Egyptians believed in many gods and goddesses, or ______. These deities controlled every human activity and all natural forces. • ____ – sun god; _______– god of the Nile River; ______ – god of fertility • Egyptians believed in life after death. The Book of the Dead contained a collection of spells that Egyptians believed they needed to enter the afterlife.
The Afterlife • Egyptians believed in the afterlife, or life after death. • Humans as well as some animals had to be prepared for the afterlife • ____________________ – The process of removing organs and treating the body with chemicals for preservation. • Jewelry, tools, weapons, figures, etc. would be place in the tomb so they could use it in the “next” life. • The soul of the person deceased would be weighed against the sacred feather, symbol for truth. • _______________ process
Solar calendar – “________” – star that appeared before the annual flood Science, Math, and Medicine • Developed number system based on “____” – Decimal System today • Diagnosed diseases; created remedies for cures; set broken bones, wrote the 1st medical book
The Great Pyramids • Egyptians built ___________ to protect the bodies of dead pharaohs. • Pyramids to thousands of people and years of work to complete • They used astronomy and mathematics to create pyramids. • While studying the sky, Egyptians developed the 365 day calendar that we use today. • The Great Pyramid is the largest pyramid in Egypt. It was built for King Khufu and it is located near Cairo.
Egyptian Tombs Valley of the Kings
The Middle Kingdom • Pharaohs lost control of Egypt in about 2300 B.C. A new dynasty of pharaohs created a capital at _________. This began the Middle Kingdom. • A time of stability, prosperity and achievement • Arts, literature and architecture blossomed. • Middle Kingdom ended when the ________ attacked and conquered Egypt. • Egyptian prince _________ led a revolt to drive the Hyksos out of Egypt
The New Kingdom • Egypt grew richer and more powerful. • _______________was one of the few women rulers. • Trade grew during her rule. Beads, tools, wood, ivory and incense were traded. • _________________became pharaoh after Hatshepsut died. Egypt conquered more land and became even richer. • Slavery was very common. They did have some rights: could own land, marry, and eventually gain freedom
Legacy of Two Pharaohs • Amenhotep IV (___________ ) came to power in 1370 B.C. • He felt priest were gaining too much power. He introduced a new religion with one god. Priests who do not follow were removed from power. • Most refused to follow new religion. • Hittites invaded and greatly reduced their power. • _____________, a.k.a. King Tut, ruled for only 9 years – “Boy King” • Took power after Akhenaton died
Treasures of Tutankhamen (8 min) Discovered by British Archaeologist Howard Carter Died at 20 years of age Sarcophagus
The End of the New Kingdom • _______________was one of the most powerful rulers of all of Egypt. • Under his rule, many temples were built • After Ramses II died, Egyptian influence began to decline. • Egypt was attacked by neighboring groups – Libyans, Kush and finally the Assyrians
The Civilization of Kush • Region of ________, later known as Kush, was located south of Egypt on the Nile River • The 1st people to arrive in Nubia were cattle herders who grazed on the _____________. • More powerful Nubian villages took control of weaker ones, and the kingdom of __________ was created. • Egypt invaded Kerma, eventually taking it over.
The Rise of Kush • Nubians broke away from Egypt and formed their own kingdom called __________. • Ruled from the city of Napata, which was located on the upper Nile River. • A king named __________ and his son, Piye conquered Egypt in 728 B.C. • The __________ later invaded Egypt and forced out the Kushites. • Kusk moved their ruling city south to the city of Meroe – important iron working city (learned from the Assyrians) • The kingdom of _______ overthrew Kush and burned it to the ground.
