Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD

1. Step Up To: PsychologyJohn J. Schulte, Psy.D.&Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5e Worth Publishers (2010)

2. Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion Psychological Needs as Motivators Biological Motivation: Hunger, Eating, and Human Sexuality Emotion Theories of Emotion: Explaining Emotion Motivational Concepts and Theories

3. Motivational Concepts and Theories 500 400 300 200 100

4. Biological Motivation: Hunger, Eating, and Human Sexuality 500 400 300 200 100

5. Psychological Needs as Motivators 500 400 300 200 100

6. Emotion 500 400 300 200 100

7. Theories of Emotion: Explaining Emotion 500 400 300 200 100

8. 1. According to _______, people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming. • A) innate theories • B) Darwinian theories • C) instinct theories • D) activation theories

9. 2. People are often motivated to do things in an effort to “seek out” stimulation. This observation is explained by the ________ theory. • A) incentive • B) drive • C) attention • D) arousal

10. 3. Drive theories explain motivation by stressing our biological need to establish and maintain: • A) a state of biological need • B) incentives • C) fixed action patterns • D) homeostasis

11. 4. Which of the major theory of motivation draws most heavily from well-established learning theories, primarily those of Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Tolman? • A) Drive theory • B) Arousal theory • C) Incentive theory • D) Instinct theory

12. 5. According to the humanistic theory of motivation people are motivated to behave in ways that will: • A) first satisfy their basic psychological needs • B) allow them to obtain the realization of their unconscious wishes • C) allow them to realize their highest personal potential • D) maximize their homeostasis

13. 6. For which of the following species of animals is “sexual behavior … indistinguishable from social behavior?” • A) Bonobos • B) Human beings • C) Sheep • D) Rabbits

14. 7. The rate at which a person’s body uses energy to sustain vital functions when that individual is at rest is called the: • A) set point rate (SPR) • B) basal metabolic rate (BMR) • C) body mass index (BMI) • D) critical survival index (CSI)

15. 8. “Oh man” Lizette said. “I can’t wait to get to the ice cream parlor. I’m going to eat 10 scoops tonight!” After the first two scoops, however, the rest of her mammoth sundae didn’t look so appetizing. This is because of: • A) positive incentive value • B) negative reinforcement • C) energy homeostasis • D) sensory-specific satiety

16. 9. In the largest United States cities, approximately one in every ______ people consider themselves gay, lesbian, or bisexual. • A) four • B) eight • C) twelve • D) fifteen

17. 10. Your appetite will be suppressed by increased levels of all but which of the following hormones? • A) Leptin • B) Cholecystokinin • C) Neuropeptide Y • D) Insulin

18. 11. According to Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination theory, which of the following is not an innate and universal psychological need? • A) autonomy • B) achievement • C) competence • D) relatedness

19. 12. In the 1930s, Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray developed a test to measure human motives. It is called the: • A) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test • B) Rorschach Test • C) Thematic Apperception Test • D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

20. 13. Mario is taking a class in American Sign Language. He is not getting a degree, has been out of school for 10 years, and is taking this class purely out of interest and for enjoyment. What type of motivation best describes Mario’s reason for taking the ASL class? • A) intrinsic motivation • B) extrinsic motivation • C) competence motivation • D) achievement motivation

21. 14. Which basic psychological need did Abraham Maslow place at the top of his “hierarchy?” • A) self-actualization • B) esteem • C) belongingness and love • D) safety

22. 15. In many Asian countries, it is considered unacceptable to express pride for personal achievement. Instead, pride is experienced when one’s achievements benefit others. Such societies are referred to as __________ cultures. • A) individualistic • B) mutual • C) cooperative • D) collectivist

23. 16. Which of the following is not generally accepted by most theorists as being one of the “basic” emotions that all humans experience, regardless of culture? • A) fear • B) disgust • C) hunger • D) anger

24. 17. Which psychologist has studied the facial expression of emotions and has concluded that the human face is capable of over 7,000 different expressions? • A) Charles Darwin • B) Richard Lazarus • C) Paul Ekman • D) Robert Levenson

25. 18. Which of the following is not monitored during a polygraph test? • A) respiration • B) heart rate • C) skin temperature • D) blood pressure

26. 19. Research into the relationship between emotions and the brain has found widespread support for the conclusion that different emotions: • A) are all controlled by the amygdala • B) are controlled by different parts of the brain • C) can be evoked by the same stimulus • D) have the exact same neurochemical roots

27. 20. When you are faced with a threatening stimulus there is a “shortcut” neural pathway from the: • A) thalamus to the amygdala • B) medulla to the cerebral cortex • C) hypothalamus to the medulla • D) hypothalamus to the amygdala

28. 21. “Turn that frown upside down!” Perhaps you’ve heard that smiling can, in fact, make you feel happy. Which theory of emotions supports this claim? • A) The two-factory theory • B) The cognitive appraisal theory • C) The Cannon theory • D) The facial feedback hypothesis.

29. 22. Emotion is a complex psychological response that involves which of the following three distinct components: • A) subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral response • B) drive, instinct, and homeostasis • C) internal feeling, facial display, and interpretation • D) arousal, action, and reflection

30. 23. “I am very happy because I am laughing.” This statement is most consistent with which theory of emotions? • A) The cognitive appraisal theory • B) The Two-factory theory • C) The James-Lange theory • D) The basic emotions theory

31. 24. According to Schachter and Singer emotions are the result of two factors - the physiological arousal we experience and: • A) the cognitive label we use to explain our physiological arousal • B) the particular part of the brain that is activated by the stimulus • C) the facial muscles that are stimulated by the stimulus • D) the level of disruption of our homeostasis

32. 25. According to the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion: • A) our emotional response is determined by the stimulus’s personal meaning to us • B) our emotional response is the interaction of physiological arousal and our cognitive label • C) we experience emotion as the result of physiological changes • D) none of the above

33. Congratulations!

34. Answers Stop here, or continue as a review

35. 1. According to _______, people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming. • A) innate theories • B) Darwinian theories • C) instinct theories • D) activation theories

36. 2. People are often motivated to do things in an effort to “seek out” stimulation. This observation is explained by the ________ theory. • A) incentive • B) drive • C) attention • D) arousal

37. 3. Drive theories explain motivation by stressing our biological need to establish and maintain: • A) a state of biological need • B) incentives • C) fixed action patterns • D) homeostasis

38. 4. Which of the major theory of motivation draws most heavily from well-established learning theories, primarily those of Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Tolman? • A) Drive theory • B) Arousal theory • C) Incentive theory • D) Instinct theory

39. 5. According to the humanistic theory of motivation, people are motivated to behave in ways that will: • A) first satisfy their basic psychological needs • B) allow them to obtain the realization of their unconscious wishes • C) allow them to realize their highest personal potential • D) maximize their homeostasis

40. 6. For which of the following species of animals is “sexual behavior … indistinguishable from social behavior?” • A) Bonobos • B) Human beings • C) Sheep • D) Rabbits

41. 7. The rate at which a person’s body uses energy to sustain vital functions when that individual is at rest is called the: • A) set point rate (SPR). • B) basal metabolic rate (BMR). • C) body mass index (BMI). • D) critical survival index (CSI).

42. 8. “Oh man,” Lizette said. “I can’t wait to get to the ice cream parlor. I’m going to eat 10 scoops tonight!” After the first two scoops, however, the rest of her mammoth sundae didn’t look so appetizing. This is because of: • A) positive incentive value. • B) negative reinforcement. • C) energy homeostasis. • D) sensory-specific satiety.

43. 9. In the largest United States cities, approximately one in every ______ people consider themselves gay, lesbian, or bisexual. • A) four • B) eight • C) twelve • D) fifteen

44. 10. Your appetite will be suppressed by increased levels of all but which of the following hormones? • A) Leptin • B) Cholecystokinin • C) Neuropeptide Y • D) Insulin

45. 11. According to Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination theory, which of the following is not an innate and universal psychological need? • A) autonomy • B) achievement • C) competence • D) relatedness

46. 12. In the 1930s, Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray developed a test to measure human motives. It is called the : • A) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. • B) Rorschach Test. • C) Thematic Apperception Test. • D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

47. 13. Mario is taking a class in American Sign Language. He is not getting a degree, has been out of school for 10 years, and is taking this class purely out of interest and for enjoyment. What type of motivation best describes Mario’s reason for taking the ASL class? • A) intrinsic motivation • B) extrinsic motivation • C) competence motivation • D) achievement motivation

48. 14. Which basic psychological need did Abraham Maslow place at the top of his “hierarchy?” • A) self-actualization • B) esteem • C) belongingness and love • D) safety

49. 15. In many Asian countries, it is considered unacceptable to express pride for personal achievement. Instead, price is experienced when ones achievements benefit others. Such societies are referred to as __________ cultures. • A) individualistic • B) mutual • C) cooperative • D) collectivist

50. 16. Which of the following is not generally accepted by most theorists as being one of the “basic” emotions that all humans experience, regardless of culture? • A) fear • B) disgust • C) hunger • D) anger