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Resistance

Resistance. Section 2.4 in your book. Resistance. Property of a device that indicates how freely it will allow current to flow given a specific voltage applied. If low in value, current flows more freely. Measured in ohms ( Ω = V/A or KΩ = V/mA)

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Resistance

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  1. Resistance • Section 2.4 in your book

  2. Resistance • Property of a device that indicates how freely it will allow current to flow given a specific voltage applied. If low in value, current flows more freely. • Measured in ohms (Ω = V/A or KΩ = V/mA) I • Obeys the passive sign + - convention V if I > 0 then V > 0 R = or V = I∙R This is Ohm’s Law! Voltage Current

  3. Resistors • Resistors are devices that are used in a variety of circuits to make the currents and voltages what you desire • They are color-coded and come in various tolerances, ± 1%, , ± 5% and , ± 10% are most common

  4. Resistor Color Code 56 * 10 kW = 560 kW 237 * 1 W = 237 W http://www.elexp.com/t_resist.htm

  5. Conductance (G) • Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance • Its unit is the siemen = amps/volts = 1/Ω • G = I / V = 1 / R • An equivalent measure of how freely a current is allowed to flow in a device

  6. Resistivity (ρ) • Property of a material that indicates how much it will oppose current flow • R= (ρ · length) / (cross sectional area) • Units are ohms · meters (Ω · m) • As the wire gets bigger, so does the cross section making the resistance smaller • As the length gets longer, the resistance goes up proportionately

  7. Conductors • Materials with electrons that are loosely bound to the nucleus and move easily (usually one electron in the outer shell) • Their low resistance goes upas the material is heated, due to the vibration of the atoms interfering with the movement of the electrons • The best conductors are superconductors at temperatures near 0o Kelvin

  8. Conductor Animation • http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/filamentresistance/

  9. Semiconductors • Materials with electrons that are bound more tightly than conductors (usually 4 electrons in the outer shell) • Impurities are added in controlled amounts to adjust the resistivity down • Semiconductors becomebetter conductorsat higher temperatures because the added energy frees up more electrons (even though the electron flow is impeded by the increased atomic vibration)

  10. Insulators • Materials that have all 8 electrons in the outer shell tightly bound to the nucleus • It takes high temperatures or very high electric fields to break the atomic bonds to free up electrons to conduct a current • Very high resistivities and resistances

  11. Resistivity of Materials •  Glass •  Gold •  Silver •  Silicon •  Aluminum •  Copper Put a number 1 beside the material that is the best conductor, a 2 next to the material next most conductive, etc.

  12. Resistivity of Materials 1 Silver - A conductor - ρ=1.64 ·10-8 ohm-m 2 Copper - A conductor - ρ= 1.72·10-8 ohm-m 3 Gold – A conductor - ρ=2.45·10-8 ohm-m 4 Aluminum - A conductor - ρ= 2.8·10-8 ohm-m 5 Silicon - A semiconductor - ρ=6.4 ·102 ohm-m 6 Glass – An insulator – ρ=1012 ohm-m

  13. Example • A round wire has a radius of 1 mm = 10-3m • The wire is 10 meters long • The wire is made of copper • R= (1.72 · 10-8Ω·m· 10 m) /( π·(10-3m) 2 ) • R = 0.0547 Ω • This is negligible in most circuits where resistances are often thousands of ohms

  14. Power used by Resistors • We saw that P = I ∙ V • If by Ohm’s law, V = I ∙ R, then P = I2 ∙ R • Or since I = V /R, then P = V2 / R • Since resistance is always positive for passive devices, then power is always positive (meaning that power is always absorbed or used)

  15. Application • Calculate the power lost in a 100 foot AWG 14 copper wire handling 20 amps. • AWG 14 wire has a cross section of 2.08 mm2 and 2.52 ohms/1000 feet • What current is an AWG 12 copper wire handling if it had the same power loss as the AWG 14 cable? • AWG 12 wire has a cross section of 3.31 mm2 and 1.59 ohms/1000 feet

  16. Application • What is the voltage drop across the wire in each case? • For the AWG 14 wire ____________ • For the AWG 12 wire ____________

  17. Conclusion • When you need to handle more current, use bigger or more conductive wire • Avoids loss of power • Lessens voltage drop • Avoids dangerous heating of wiring • But costs more

  18. Voltage & Current Sources Section 2.3 in your book

  19. Independent Voltage Sources • Most common in everyday life • Voltage is fixed and independent of the current required by the circuit • Ideally is capable of providing any current that the circuit requires + - Vs is fixed AC or DC

  20. Indpendent Current Sources • Current is fixed and independent of the voltage across the source • The voltage across the source adjusts to whatever the circuit requires to produce the fixed current – it does not usually have zero volts across it Is is fixed, AC or DC

  21. Dependent Sources • May be voltage or current sources • May be AC or DC • Are dependent on a current or voltage somewhere in the circuit K∙Vx or + - K∙Ix or g∙Vx r∙Ix

  22. Dependent Sources • Used in modeling more complex devices like transistors and operational amplifiers • The voltage applied to the gate of a MOSFET controls the conductivity of the channel so that more current flows from drain to source Gate Drain Source

  23. Example • A light sensor produces a 0 to 1 amp current proportional to the outside illumination, K amps • The sensor current supplies a 100Ω resistor to get the dependent voltage, VL • The source powering the room lights equals 120 - VL/5 volts • What is the voltage across the lights when K = 0, .4, .7 or 1 amp?

  24. Circuit Diagram + VL _ Vs =120v -VL/5 Light Sensor Is = K amps 100Ω + - Room Lights

  25. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles IEEE – USA Position Statement

  26. Adopted June 15, 2007 • Use PHEVs to add resilence to our transportation fleet and increase energy independence • In the case of an oil shutdown or price spike, a PHEV would allow people to make necessary trips to work and shopping • Although current hybrids increase mileage between 16 and 47%, PHEVs could displace almost all imported oil

  27. Other Recommendations • Increase research to improve • Batteries, including weight, size, cost, life and safety considerations • Power electronics • Controls • Integration with the electric power grid

  28. Final Recommendations • Use incentives to encourage adoption of PHEVs • Encourage electric metering and pricing that will help PHEVs realize their potential • To encourage consumers to charge their vehicle during off-peak hours • To encourage consumers to make their vehicle battery storage available to meet peak loads

  29. Progressive X Prize • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NT2FI0H8CWA&feature=user

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