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Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice. Daniel Nilsson , Lund University. Our University. Lund University. Our department. Department of Fire Safety Engineering Fires and Human Behaviour. Dr Håkan Frantzich. Daniel Nilsson.

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Fires and Human Behaviour - Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice

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  1. Fires and Human Behaviour- Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University

  2. Our University • Lund University

  3. Our department • Department of Fire Safety Engineering • Fires and Human Behaviour Dr Håkan Frantzich Daniel Nilsson

  4. Fires and Human Behaviour- Studies of pre-movement, movement and exit choice Daniel Nilsson, Lund University

  5. Outline • General • Pre-movement time • Exit choice and movement • Discussion

  6. General • Fires and human behaviour • Fire preparedness • Fire setting • Evacuation • Rescue operations

  7. > Safe General • When is a building safe for the occupants in case of fire? Available SafeEscape Time (ASET) Required SafeEscape Time (RSET)

  8. Smoke Temperature Toxic gases Radiation General • ASET - Computer simulations

  9. Time General • RSET - simple model Detection & Alarm Pre-movement Travel

  10. Time General • RSET - simple model Detection & Alarm Pre-movement Travel

  11. Time General • RSET - simple model Travel Detection & Alarm Pre-movement

  12. Time General • RSET - simple model Pre-movement Detection & Alarm Travel

  13. General

  14. Pre-movement • Hard to quantify • Research - experiments • Marks&Spencer (Northern Ireland) • Occupancy (Canada) • Offices (Canada) • Cinema (Sweden - LU) • IKEA (Sweden - LU) • Nuclear power plant (Sweden - LU)

  15. Pre-movement • Is the pre-movement time really that important? ”The most important finding of this research is the fact that the start up time (i.e. people’s reaction to an alarm) is as (if not more) important as the time it takes physically to reach an exit” (Sime, Creed, Kimura & Powell, 1992)

  16. Pre-movement • Is the pre-movement time really that important? • ”If people take a long time to start to evacuate a setting the residual time to reach safety can be dramatically reduced.” (Proulx & Sime, 1991)

  17. Pre-movement • Nuclear power plant - 2005 • Maintenance • Containment • Airlocks • Protective clothing

  18. Pre-movement • Why don't people start to evacuate immediately? • Do not recognize the cue • False alarm / drill • Investment • Social influence

  19. Type of builing Type of alarm Pre-movement time Pre-movement • Recommendations based on experiments

  20. Pre-movement • Social influence

  21. Pre-movement • Latané & Darley, 1970 • Experiment • Students, only male • Interview about urban life • Questionnaire • Smoke!!! • Alone, three subjects or one subject and two passive confederates

  22. Pre-movement • Results

  23. Pre-movement • Why does the student who is alone respond quicker? • Social Influence Informational Normative

  24. Pre-movement • New study of cinema experiments • A. Johansson, TUD • D. Nilsson, LU • Two types of alarms • Ringing bell • Spoken message

  25. Pre-movement • Results • Social influence more important for the ringing bell

  26. Exit choice • After pre-movement - choose an exit and move to a safe place • Emergency exits not always used • Example - IKEA experiments • Used normalexit • Only someemergencyexits

  27. Exit choice

  28. Exit choice • Some exits were used

  29. Exit choice • Affiliation theory • Sime • Move towards familiar exits and people • Summerlandbuildingcomplex

  30. Exit choice • Learned irrelevance • McClintoc et al • Learn not to observe signs • Study with blue flashing lights

  31. Exit choice • How can we get people to choose the exits we want? • Flashing lights • Instructive messages

  32. Exit choice • Tunnel experiments • 46 participants • One at a time • Smoke and aceticacid • Filmed with IR camera • Sound - fan & fire

  33. Exit 1 Exit 2 Exit 3 35 meters Entrance Tunnel exit Exit choice

  34. Exit 1 Exit 2 Exit 3 Car Pillars Exit choice

  35. Measurement of the extinction coefficient Boiling acetic acid Exit choice

  36. Flashing lights Row of flashing lights Floor markings Exit choice

  37. Exit choice

  38. Exit choice • Results • Walls important • Way guidance systems not as effective as believed • Feeling more than vision

  39. Exit choice • Experiments - spring 2006 • Cinema • Flashing green lights • Instructive message • Office • Flashing lights

  40. Exit choice • Office - 9 floors, 400 persons

  41. Discussion • General • Pre-movement • Experiments (cinema, power plant, IKEA) • Social influence • Exit choice • Tunnel experiment • Cinema and offices

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