Chapter 30 Striving for Independence

1. Chapter 30 Striving for Independence

3. India: Early 20th century • 1900-1941, India’s population increased dramatically • Environmental pressure, deforestation-declining farm land • Society divided into classes: peasants, wealthy property owners, urban craftspeople, traders, workers • Many languages; English common medium of communication of Western-educated middle class • Majority practiced Hinduism • Muslims about one-quarter of population-majority in northwest & in eastern Bengal

4. British Rule & Indian Nationalism • Colonial India ruled by viceroy & administered by Indian Civil Service • Technology mitigated dangers of industrialization • suppressed development ofradical politics • maximized benefit to Britain & Civil Service • At turn of century, most Indians accepted British rule, but racism & discrimination inspired Hindus to establish Indian National Congress -1885 • Muslims, fearful of Hindu dominance & encouraged by Britain founded All-India Muslim League in 1906 • Two independence movements

5. British Rule & Indian Nationalism • British resisted India’s efforts to industrialize • India’s first steel mill established in 1911 • symbol of national pride • 1918-1919, tensions increased between Brits & Indians • Vague promises of self-government • Turning Point-Amritsar Massacre • British general ordered troops to fire into a crowd of 10,000 demonstrators

6. Mahatma Gandhi & Militant Nonviolence • English educated lawyer-practiced in South Africa • Returned to India & joined Indian National Congress • Political ideas included ahimsa (nonviolence) & satyagraha(search for truth) • Moved political efforts from elite to masses

7. India Moves Toward Independence • In 1920s, Indians controlled education, economy, & public works • Business people looked to Gandhi’s successor Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964)—for leadership • World War II divided the Indian people • Indians contributed heavily to war effort, • Indian National Congress opposed war • Minority joined Japanese side

8. Partition & Independence • In 1940, Muslim League’s leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah, demanded country for Muslims • After World War II, Britain’s new Labour Party government prepared for independence • Plan was rushed through before full compromise reached • Mutual animosity between Indian National Congress & Muslim League led to partition of India into two states: India & Pakistan • Violence & massive disruption followed as Hindus left predominantly Muslim areas & Muslims left predominantly Hindu areas • Hundreds of thousands died

9. Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900–1945Colonial Africa: Economic & Social Changes • Outside Algeria, Kenya, & South Africa, few Europeans lived in Africa • Africa exported raw materials-few Africans benefitted • Africans forced to work in European-owned mines & plantations under harsh conditions for little or no pay • Colonialism provided little modern health care • Colonial policies worsened public health, undermined African family, & gave rise to large cities & racial discrimination.

10. Religious & Political Changes • During colonial era, many Africans turned to Christianity or Islam • Missionaries introduced Christianity (except in Ethiopia, where it was indigenous) • Islam spread through influence & example of African traders • Contrast between liberal ideas imparted by Western education & realities of racial discrimination contributed to rise of nationalism

11. Background to Revolution: Mexico in 1910 • Independence-1821- Mexican society deeply divided-few wealthy families-majority poor peasants • Concentration of land ownership increased after independence • In 1910, General PorfirioDiaz ruled for 34years • Mexico City modernized showplace • brought wealth to few businessmen • discrimination against nonwhite majority • average Mexican’s standard of living declined

12. Revolution/Civil War in Mexico, 1911–1920 • Mexican Revolution haphazard social revolution • Leaders represented different segments of society • Madero overthrew Diaz in 1911, then he was overthrown by Huerta in 1913 • Constitutionalists Carranza & Obregon led disaffected middle class & industrial workers • Organized armies that overthrew Huerta in 1914

13. Mexican Revolution • Emiliano Zapata led peasant revolt • Pancho Villa organized army in northern Mexico • Neither able to lead national revolution • Zapata defeated & killed by Constitutionalists -1919 • Villa assassinated in 1923

14. Revolution/Civil War in Mexico, 1911–1920 • Constitutionalists took over Mexico after years of fighting, 2 million casualties, & tremendous damage • Adopted agrarian reforms – proposed social programs that appealed to workers & middle class • Mexican Revolution lost momentum in 1920s • In 1928, National Revolutionary Party founded • Cardenas, removed generals from government, redistributed land, replaced church-run schools with government schools, & expropriated foreign-owned oil companies • When Cardenas’s term ended in 1940, Mexico still land of poor farmers-small industrial base • Mexican Revolution established stable political system, tamed military & Catholic Church, & laid foundations for later industrialization of Mexico • Revolution sparked new creativity in arts

15. Transformation of Argentina • At end of 19th century, railroads & refrigerators allowed Argentina to become major exporter of meat • Pampas transformed into great producer of meat & wheat • Government represented interests of oligarquia,small group of wealthy landowners • Only cared about farming • Foreign companies built railroads, processing plants & public utilities • Exported agricultural goods • Imported manufactured goods

16. Brazil & Argentina, to 1929 • Brazil’s elite coffee & cacao planters & rubber exporters resembled Argentine elite • used wealth to support lavish lifestyle • allowed British to build railroads, harbors • imported all manufactured goods • Both Argentina & Brazil had small but outspoken middle classes-demanded share in government-looked to Europe as model • Disruption of European industry & world trade in World War I weakened land-owning classes in Argentina & Brazil • Urban middle class & wealthy landowners shared power at expense of landless peasants & urban workers • During 1920s, peace & high prices for agricultural exports allowed both Argentina & Brazil to industrialize • introduction of new technologies left them dependent on advanced industrial countries • Aviation & radio communications introduced during 1920s, but European & U.S. companies dominated both sectors

17. The Depression & Vargas Regime in Brazil • Depression hit Latin America very hard- significant turning point for region • As value of exports plummeted & economies collapsed, Argentina & Brazil, turned to authoritarian regimes • In Brazil, Vargas staged a coup & followed a policy that increased import duties & promoted national firms & state-owned enterprises • Industrialization brought usual environmental consequences: mines, urbanization, slums, conversion of scrubland to pasture, & deforestation • Vargas instituted reforms that benefited urban workers-did nothing to help landless peasants • Economic recovery unequally distributed • In 1938, Vargas staged a second coup, abolished constitution, made Brazil a fascist state & created precedence of political violence • Overthrown in military coup in 1954

18. Argentina After 1930 • Depression hurt Argentina-political consequences delayed for years • In 1930, General Jose Uriburuoverthrew popularly elected president & initiated thirteen years of rule by generals & oligarquia • In 1943, Colonel Juan Peron led another coup-modeled government on Germany’s Nazi regime • As World War II turned against Nazis, Peron & his wife Eva Duarte Peron appealed to urban workers • Created new base of support-allowed Peron to win presidency & established populist dictatorship • Sponsored rapid industrialization-spent lavishly on social welfare projects • Peron unable to create stable government-after his wife died in 1952-overthrown in military coup

19. ConclusionPolitics &Economics under Imperialism • Peoples of sub-Saharan Africa & India remained under colonial rule after war • Elites worked toward independence-ordinary people wanted social justice • Though politically independent, Mexico, Argentina, & Brazil economically tied to industrializing nations • Argentina & Brazil moved toward economic independence but fell victim to social unrest, militarism & dictatorship in the process

20. Conclusion:The Problems of Independence • India gained independence from colonial rule, but was torn apart by ethnic conflict • Desire for independence did not always unite people against colonial rulers because of social, ethnic, & religious divisions within their populations