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Graphics & Visualization

Graphics & Visualization. Chapter 1 Introduction. Brief History. Milestones in the history of computer graphics:. Brief History (2). CPU Vs GPU. Applications. Special effects for films and advertisements Scientific exploration through visualization Interactive simulation

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Graphics & Visualization

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  1. Graphics & Visualization Chapter 1 Introduction Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms

  2. Brief History • Milestones in the history of computer graphics: Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

  3. Brief History (2) • CPU Vs GPU Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

  4. Applications • Special effects for films and advertisements • Scientific exploration through visualization • Interactive simulation • Computer games • Computer-aided geometric design and solid modeling (CAGD) • Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) • Computer art Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

  5. Concepts • 3D or 2D scenes are composed of primitives (e.g. points, lines, curves, polygons, mathematical solids or functions) • A raster image is a 2D array of pixels • Computer Graphics use principles and algorithms to generate from a scene, a raster image that can be depicted on a display device • Scene  Computer Graphics  Raster Image Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

  6. Concepts (2) • Rasterization steps for a two-dimensional document Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

  7. Concepts (3) • Visualization exploits visual presentation of large data sets to increase understanding • The result of visualization is a visualization object • Modeling encompasses techniques for the representation of graphical objects • Data Set  Visualization  Model • Graphics Pipeline is a sequence of stages that create a digital image out of a model • Model  Graphics Pipeline  Image Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

  8. Graphics Pipeline Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

  9. Graphics Pipeline (2) • Operations on primitives in the standard direct rendering graphics pipeline : Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

  10. Graphics Pipeline (3) • For the above example: • Geometry transformation to a common reference frame and view frustum culling. • Primitives after viewing transformation, projection, and backface culling. • Rasterization • fragment depth sorting: the darker a shade, the nearer the corresponding point is to the virtual camera. • Material color estimation. • Shading and other fragment operations (such as fog). Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

  11. Image Buffers Storage and Encoding of Digital Images : • Image buffer is a2D array of dimensions w x h • Size of the image buffer is at least (w x h x bpp) / 8 bytes • Color depth (bpp) : # bits used to store the color of each pixel • Color representations: • Monochromatic (grayscale) • Multi-channel (red/green/blue) • Palleted (CLUT) • True-color:image buffer stores full color intensity information of each pixel • Color look – up table (CLUT): • bits per pixel do not affect the accuracy of the displayed color True-color Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

  12. Image Buffers (2) • Image buffer with CLUT: • Image buffers occupy contiguous space of memory Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

  13. Image Buffers (3) Frame Buffer: • memory where all pixel color information from rasterization is accumulated before being driven to the graphics output • double buffering Depth Buffer or Z-buffer: • stores distance values • used for hidden surface elimination Other Buffers: • Stencil Buffer • Accumulation Buffer Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

  14. Graphics Hardware Image - Generation hardware: • Display adapters • Double Buffering: • 2 frame buffers, buffer swapping • 2D graphics accelerators: • Apply 2D rasterization algorithms • Partially freeing CPU • 3D graphics accelerators: • Adoption of Z-buffer algorithm • Completely freeing CPU • Parallelism • Programmable graphics hardware • 2 types of shaders (vertex, fragment) Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

  15. Graphics Hardware (2) Image - Output hardware: • Display monitors • Cathode ray tube (CRT) • Liquid crystal displays (LCD) • Thin – film transistor (TFT) Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

  16. Graphics Hardware (3) • Projection systems • 2 projection methods (rear, front) • 3 projection technologies (CRT, LCD, DLP) • Printer graphics • Raster image is converted to dots • Different shades achieved using halftoning • Printer technologies • Inkjet printers • Laser printers Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

  17. Conventions • Scalars : x, y, z • Vector quantities : • Points: a, b • Vectors: • Unit vectors: • Matrices: M, Rx • Column vectors: • Functions: • Standard mathematical functions and custom functions: sin(θ) • Functions follow the above conventions for scalar and vector quantities • Norms: • Standard sets : • Algorithm descriptions are given in pseudocode based on standard C and C++ • Advanced sections are marked with an asterisk Graphics & Visualization: Principles & Algorithms Chapter 1

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