HIGHER HISTORY

1. HIGHER HISTORY INTRO

2. Welcome! Miss Bain- Britain & Migration and Empire Miss Glynn- Germany and extended essay

3. What you will need TO SUCCEED 3 notebooks (BIG ONES) One for each topic (Britain/Germany/Migration & Empire) Hard work ASK FOR HELP!

4. Course outline Britain- Miss Bain- essays Germany- Miss Glynn-essays Migration and Empire- Miss Bain -source skills EXTENDED ESSAY- Miss Glynn- your topic- BIG essay. You will write one essay per issue (6 per topic) for each teacher as practice. WHERE YOUR MARK COMES FROM: Extended Essay-Written BEFORE the exam. Done in SQA Exam conditions. Deadline set by SQA. NO LEEWAY. Topic of you choice write a 30mark essay in 1hr 30mins. You will have picked the question and practiced this in advance. Exam- In the exam you write 2 essays (one British, one German then do source questions on migration and Empire).

5. Higher Germany Issue 5

6. This topic examines: • The reasons behind Germany’s post war democratic government only lasting 14 years • The reasons why the Nazis rose to power so quickly These 2 things happened at the same time

7. What we will study • ISSUE 5- An evaluation of the Nazis coming to power. • (How did the Nazis gain power). • Factors include: • resentment of the Treaty of Versailles, • Weakness of the Weimar Republic, • economic problems, • the appeal of the party AND the role of Hitler himself, • weakness and mistakes of opponents (naivety of politicians and lack of effective opposition).

8. Notes, quotes and key players Definitions: Reichstag- German parliament. Abdication- When the king or queen gives up their throne and power. Armistice- ceasefire. Freikorps- ex-soldiers who had returned from war to find themselves out of work who offered their services to private armies. SPD- Social Democratic Party of Germany, (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschland)Coalition government- When the government is made up of two or more parties coup-sudden appropriation of leadership or power; a takeover • Quotes- Make a page in your notes dedicated to quotes. When you see an appropriate quote copy this into your book so you have a list of quotes. • Key Characters- Make a page in your notes titled “Key Characters”- when a new person is mentioned write down their name and who they were so that you can reference this if you get stuck e.g Friedrich Ebert- SPD (socialist party) leader, and leader of the Weimar Republic.

9. GERMANY AT THE END OF WW1 • -FAILURE AT THE END OF THE WAR, STARVATION/GERMANY NOT INVADED ETC • -ARMISTICE • -TOV • -WEIMAR REPUBLIC • REVOLUTION FROM ABOVE. • EBERTS LACK OF CHANGES • Lack of support, • Left wing/right wing. • CLIP 2434 establishment of the Weimar republic. http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/2434.html

10. Germany at the end of ww1NOTES • Answer questions in FULL sentences so you have revision notes. • Get a copy of McKichan’s textbook. Read p117 from “In October 1918” (Halfway down the page) to the bottom of p. 118. Use this information to help you copy the timeline on p.130 of your textbook(BLUE) P. 86 (GOLD) and add in extra information. At home add in pictures to each event to make more memorable in your revision. (Use the above Definition box to help you). • Copy the three points on p.131 of your textbook (BLUE) under the heading “The Weimar Republic – Born at a bad time”. P.87 (GOLD) top section. • Cameron, Henderson and Roberson’s book (black cover) p. 124 under the heading Revolution from above. • Why did Hindenburg and Ludendorff want a ‘revolution from above’?. Who was blamed for Germany’s defeat in the war?

11. END OF WW1 NOTES • Read p. 132 of blue textbook (p.87 gold textbook) • How had Ebert been used to making decisions?(who did he try to get agreements with?) How did this affect his leadership style? • Who were the extreme left wing of the socialist party and why had they split from the SPD? • Read p133 of your textbook (p.89 gold textbook) • Give examples of the ways in which Ebert failed to utilize the opportunity for change given to him. • Some say that the Weimar Republic was not a big enough change as it left some of the old rulers in power. Read the defence of Ebert’s actions in the quote boxes. Do you agree that Ebert was right to encourage a more moderate rather than revolutionary change? • Read p. 134of your textbook (p.90 gold textbook) and your own knowledge. • Copy the issues which threatened the security of the new republic. (only in Blue) • Which party did Karl Liebkneckt and Rosa Luxembourg belong to? • What was the Spartacist Rebellion and when did it happen? • Who was called in by the government to help defeat this rebellion? • How did the result of the Spartacist Rising lead to a permanent division between the USPD and majority socialists? How might this help Hitler? • Why is the Weimar republic known as the Weimar Republic?(only in Blue)

12. Germany at the end of ww1 • Work in your groups to create a mind map describing Germany at the end of WW1, use the pictures to help you.

13. Factor1 tov

14. The Treaty of Versailles You should know these terms in detail by now. If you don’t, you’d better look them up: It was a Diktat Alsace-Lorraine Anschluss banned despite others having ‘self determination’ War Guilt Clause TERRITORIAL OTHERS PolishCorridor Loss of Colonies TERMS Army = 100,000 Reparation = £6,600 million FINANCIAL MILITARY Rhineland demilitarised No tanks or submarines Loss of industrial areas such as the Saar crippled the German economy Only 6 small naval ships

15. FAcTOR 1- the t o v

16. TOV- FACTOR 1 • TREATY OF VERSAILLES (ToV) Read your textbook p. 134- 137 or gold 90-94 • Who were the ‘November Criminals’? Why were they called this? • Where did the signing of the ToV take place? • What happened to Alsace and Lorraine? • What happened to the Saar coalfields? • What land was given to the Poles? And the Belgians? • What was the Polish corridor? Copy this diagram of the Polish corridor • How many German speakers now lived in Czechosolvakia? • What happened to Germany’s colonies? • The ToV was called a “Diktat” Dictated peace as Germany could not negotiate the terms. Copy this note • State the military terms of the ToV. • What was Article 231 and why did Germans hate it? • Find out how much Germany had to pay in Reparations. (use your index).

17. How this helped the nazis rise to power • Hitler used anger of ToV to undermine the Weimar Republic • Germans referred to it as ‘Diktat.’ • Germans humiliated. • Reparations- recipe for disaster. Resented being controlled by the Reparations committee. • Land- only 13% but loss of resources, people and land angered the population. • Article 231- wasn’t entirely Germany’s fault.. • Military losses- Stripped Germany of her pride. Claimed they were unable to defend themselves. • The Nazis would denounce the treaty.

18. CONCLUSION QUESTION • HISTORIANS • White and Hadley- Germans “were outraged by the treaty” (of Versailles). • McGonigle“There is little doubt that the stigma of the so-called ‘November Criminals’ hung like a shadow over the period of Weimar Germany” • Preuss “The Criminal madness of the imposed Versailles settlement was a shameless blow… The Reich constitution of Weimar was born with this curse upon it” • Preuss “The burdens and cruelties inflicted by the Allies upon an innocent Germany… undermined democracy… and facilitated the rise of Hitler” • Hiden“The Versailles treaty certainly did not doom the Republic from birth, but it did create particularly troublesome dimensions to existing internal conflicts and contradictions”.

19. Higher Timed Paragraphs

20. (never use ‘I’) • (Factor) was VERY/NOT VERY/QUITE important in (topic). • EXPLAIN WHAT FACTOR IS. (give evidence i.e quotes/facts/figures etc) • This was important because……. • Historians disagree on the importance of the Tov HISTORIAN thinks it was very important “_____” which mean (explain in own words) however HISTORIAN thinks it was less important “_” explain in own words. • Conclusion Question: • How important was hatred towards the Treaty of Versailles in the Nazi Rise to Power? (Hitler vowed to reverse the ToV).

21. Factor 2 weakness of Weimar republic

22. Factor 2 weakness of the Weimar republic. • Condemned for signing the hated Treaty of Versailles • Many believed the German army had been ‘stabbed in the back’ by the ‘November Criminals’ • Historians agree that the treaty facilitated Hitler’s rise to power as these theories were seized on and highlighted by Hitler The legacy of 1918/19

23. Too good a constitution? A Constitution are the rules which govern an organisation or country. The Weimar constitution was said to be “the most perfect democracy on paper”. In reality it was quite different. It’s problems were: • The voting system – Proportional Representation • Coalition Government • Article 48 and the personal power of the President

24. The Voting System • Proportional Representation (P.R.) led to there never being a clear winner to provide strong leadership • Instead – numerous parties had to do deals and form coalition governments to run the country – these are inherently weak by nature. • These coalitions found it difficult to agree on anything • During the fourteen years of the Weimar Republic, there were twenty different coalition governments. The longest government lasted only two years. • This political chaos caused many to lose faith in the new democratic system.

25. Small Parties Given Power • A more destructive feature of PR was to enable small minority parties representation • A good thing for democratic minority parties but a dangerous thing when those parties are extremist and authoritarian – allowed them a ‘foot in the door’

26. Article 48 and the Power of the President • Article 48 gave the President power to rule by decree (by himself) in times of emergency – without the approval of the Reichstag. • However, this power was used all too often between 1919-33 when coalitions collapsed What impression did this give the public? • The excessive use of Article 48 played a significant part in the public’s loss of confidence in democracy • Looked as if there was a constant ‘state of emergency’ and democracy not working • It also set a precedent for successive leaders to follow • It conditioned the German people to be ruled by one person

27. Notes on the Weakness of the Weimar republic. • WEAKNESS OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC. • Structural Weaknesses- Read p.137-139 of your textbook (blue) or p.94-95 (Gold) • Under the new Weimar Constitution who could vote? • What was the Reichstag? • What is Proportional Representation (PR)? • What powers did the President have? • Name two problems with PR. • Copy the table on p.138 blue p.95 gold • A negative effect of Article 48 is given on p.138, what is this? (can you see any problems this might cause in the future?) • Copy the following notes:

28. Notes on the Weakness of the Weimar republic. cntud • Proportional Representation. • During the fourteen years of the Weimar Republic, there were twenty different coalition governments. The longest government lasted only two years. This political chaos caused many to lose faith in the new democratic system • Small Parties Given Power • A more destructive feature of PR was to enable small minority parties representationA good thing for democratic minority parties but a dangerous thing when those parties are extremist and authoritarian – allowed them a ‘foot in the door’ • Article 48 • Article 48 gave the President power to rule by decree (by himself) in times of emergency – without the approval of the Reichstag. However, this power was used all too often between 1919-33 when coalitions collapsed. The excessive use of Article 48 played a significant part in the public’s loss of confidence in democracy. Looked as if there was a constant ‘state of emergency’ and democracy not working. It also set a precedent for successive leaders to follow. It conditioned the German people to be ruled by one person. • Conclusion Question. • Write a paragraph explaining how the weakness of the Weimar Republic might have helped Hitler gain power. Include information on PR, Article 48, lack of experience / weak govt (see your work on Ebert).

29. Higher Timed Paragraphs

30. Conclusion Question. Write a paragraph explaining how the weakness of the Weimar Republic might have helped Hitler gain power. Include information on PR, Article 48, lack of experience / weak govt (see your work on Ebert). • (Factor) was VERY/NOT VERY/QUITE important in (topic). • EXPLAIN WHAT FACTOR IS. • GIVE DETAIL AND EXAMPLES • You must include: • The voting system – Proportional Representation • Coalition Government • Article 48 and the personal power of the President • This was VERY/NOT VERY/QUITE important because……. (give evidence i.e quotes/facts/figures etc) (never use ‘I’) SAY WHETHER IT IS LESS/MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE TOV

31. OPPOSITION TO THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC • Some historians suggest the Weimar Republic was ‘born with a curse upon it’ and lacked any support • EXTREME LEFT WING- COMMUNISTS- SPARTAKISTS UPRISING • RIGHT WING- NATIONALISTS- KAPP PUTSCH • EXTREME RIGHT WING- DICTATORSHIP- NAZIS- BEER HALL PUTSCH. • ESTABLISHMENT- Teachers, Lawyers, Judges

32. Enemies on the Left • To some on the Left, the Republic represented the ‘old’ views rather than providing a radical solution to Germany’s problems - most of the Kaiser’s officials remaining in power. • To extreme groups like the Spartacists they were disillusioned by the new republic • There were a number of attempts by the extreme Left to overthrow the republic even from its outset: in particular the Spartacist Revolt 1919.

33. Spartacist Revolt 1919 • The Spartacists (Communists) were the most extreme Left wing group that broke away from the SPD during the war • In a revolt led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, the Spartacists led a violent coup and seized key buildings in Berlin • Friedrich Ebert, leader of the SPD, was forced to use the old Establishment, in particular the Friekorps, to brutally put down the rebellion and murder its leaders. The Freikorps were the ex soldiers who had returned from war to find themselves out of work The implications for the Republic were severe:- The Left Wing of German politics, already divided, would never unite again meaning that there could be no strong opposition to Hitler It became obvious that the Republic relied on others to protect and save it

34. Enemies on the Right – the Nationalists • The ‘Right’ hated Weimar as well. This group included many former soldiers. They hated: • the Treaty of Versailles and the govt who signed it • the idea of having a republic rather than a monarchy • the country being run as a democracy – had no experience of it • Also as nationalists and patriots, they ‘blamed’ the Weimar politicians for all Germany’s problems • The Kapp Putsch, 1920, was an attempted right wing coup by the nationalists to overthrow the Treaty of Versailles and the republic

35. The Kapp Putsch 1920 • Right-wing journalist Wolfgang Kapp led a group of Freikorps soldiers to take control of Berlin in March 1920. This was a very powerful group who were against the new republic • Without the option to use the army for support to put down the revolt (the army refused to fire on former soldiers), the Republic was forced to rely on ordinary people to beat the revolt. • A general strike was called to make Berlin an unworkable city, thus forcing Kapp and his men to retreat. It highlighted that there was a large and powerful section of German society who preferred the ‘old Germany’. Again, it became obvious that the Republic relied on others to protect and save it.

36. The Munich Putsch 1923 • Opposition from the extreme Right wing – the Nazis • Reaction to the government ending passive resistance in the Ruhr and re-starting reparations payments • Seen as backing down and a betrayal • Hitler and the Bavarian government (a region in Germany) plotted to overthrow the Weimar Republic and establish a right wing government, first in Munich, the capital of Bavaria, and then in Berlin • The coup was crushed by the army and Hitler was imprisoned for 5 years This revolt, although unsuccessful, brought the Nazis to the public’s attention. It also showed Hitler that he would have to use legal means to achieve power Again, it became obvious that the Republic had enemies

37. Further Enemies Weimar is bad • Civil servants, judges, teachers and other key figures in Weimar Germany were a legacy of the old Establishment – loyal to the old regime • Their actions further undermined the Republic: • Teachers taught students to be against the Republic • Judges took lenient actions against Right Wing law breakers This opposition and undermining of democracy was ‘constant’ and very damaging Again, it became obvious that powerful groups of people opposed Weimar

38. Task- in your group research the different threats to the republic. • Within your groups make sure you research each of these and create a mind map which the rest of your group should copy. • BROOMAN(blue book) • Spartacists Revolt p. 6/7 • Communists Revolt p.8/9 • Kapp Putsch p.14/15 • Munich Putsch p. 20/21 • For extra info read the following pages : • P.34 “Attempts to overthrow the Weimar Republic” of the Geddes “Higher History Revision Guide” (blue and black cover book) • p.127 of the Cameron, Henderson and Christie (black cover Growth of Nationalism) book from “Enemies on the Left- Spartacist Revolt” to the top of p.129. • p. 138 of blue textbook from “Although the government…” to the top of p. 139. or gold p.88-90 • P.140 of blue textbook from “Hoping to capitalize….” Until Hitler’s quote on p.141

39. Read the following pages and notes to help you: • P.34 “Attempts to overthrow the Weimar Republic” of the Geddes “Higher History Revision Guide” (blue and black cover book) • p.127 of the Cameron, Henderson and Christie (black cover Growth of Nationalism) book from “Enemies on the Left- Spartacist Revolt” to the top of p.129. • p. 138 of blue textbook from “Although the government…” to the top of p. 139. or gold p.88-90 • P.140 of blue textbook from “Hoping to capitalize….” Until Hitler’s quote on p.141

40. Quotes • Jollcomments that Weimar suffered from ‘it’s total rejection by important sections of the German people’ • Hiden ‘To vote for Hitler was for many a rejection of the existing system • McGonigle “weakness of the Weimar republic contributed to Nazi success” • Simpson- “The Weimar Republic was born out of the external defeat of the German Empire and the internal collapse of its system of government, It is an open question whether the Weimar Republic could ever have overcome the disadvantages which attended its birth.” • McKichan “ A Republic nobody wanted” • Hiden “Although the time seemed ripe for a remodelling of society and a clean break wit the imperial past, German socialists were neither fully prepared for revolution nor united. • McGonigle “There is little doubt that the stigma of the so-called ‘November Criminals’ hung like a shadow over the period of Weimar Germany” • Eliot “The Weimar Republic collected enemies right from its birth” • Elliot “The scales were heavily weighted against the Republic” • Elliot “ re Weimar Republic “The mental image created for a great many Germans was of a weak and treacherous government which was preventing Germany from becoming a first rate power again” HAND OUT AVAILABLE

41. Conclusion Question: • What difficulties did the Weimar Republic face? (summarise the opposition it faced and the weaknesses of its structure). • How important was this in the Nazis rise to power? Was it VERY/NOT VERY/QUITE IMPORTANT? Explain your reasons why. Try to argue if you think it was more or less important than the Resentment toward the ToV.

42. Factor 3economic difficulties

43. Could the Republic have Survived? Despiteall of the problems it experienced, it is debatable whether the Republic would have survived Some historians think it could have had it not been for the severe economic difficulties of the time –this factor is therefore essential. Remember people usually vote for what DIRECTLY affects them.

44. The people of Germany could forgive their government for many things but a weak economy was not one of them. Germans prided themselves on their economy since the days of the Zollverein- more about this later. To the ordinary person in the street this means a job, money in their pocket, and their standard of living If these things deteriorate then a government risks losing support Economic Problems £ $ €

45. Economic Problems • French and Belgian troops invaded the Ruhr to directly take reparation money in the form of coal • The government asked the workers to go on strike – ‘passive resistance’ • However, it was the Weimar Government’s decision to print more money to pay the striking Ruhr workers while little national wealth was being created that really created the problem. • This caused hyper-inflation when money lost its value • Almost overnight the life savings of millions of Germans became worthless and by November 1923 German money had no value. • The people blamed the government

46. Ruhr Crisis Germany missed a reparations payment • The 1923 crisis began when Germany missed a reparations payment. This situation spiralled out of control and once again the German people were unhappy and in financial difficulty, so uprisings occurred throughout the country. SO The French Invaded the Ruhr SO The German workers went on strike SO The government printed paper money SO There was Hyperinflation SO There were Communist and Nationalist riots.

47. What was the Effect of Hyper-Inflation The German people blamed the government who were failing to cope with the situation In desperate times people look for an alternative The alternatives this time were the extremist parties who also blamed the government and offered extreme solutions to the problems To see what effect this economic crises had, it’s necessary to look at the support for parties at the time

48. What Did the Results Show? • During difficult economic times, people turned away from the government moderate parties (SPD) • People turn to the extremist parties instead (KPD and the NSDAP) • During stable times the reverse is true – people trust and support government moderate parties and support them and are not interested in extremism • The NSDAP did well immediately after the Rhur crisis gaining 6.5% of the votes as did the KPD gaining 12.6%. The SPD lost support during this time of economic hardship only gaining 20.5%. • When stability returns the SPD do well again and gain 29.8% in 1928 while the NSDAP slump to only 2.6% and the KPD only 10.6%

49. Overall, the Nazis relied on economic crises for their success

50. Stability Returns • During the Stresemann era Germany had a period of recovery and prosperity. • Extremist parties all but disappeared as support for the Democratic process increased Dawes Plan adjusted Reparation payments and loaned Germany U.S. money Art & Music thrived Locarno Pact accepted Germany’s Western border Rentenmark ended Hyperinflation