Noun and conjuntion

1. Noun and conjuntion By yulimarlina

2. Nouns are naming words for people, animals, places, things, and qualities. In fact, they name everything around us including those that are invisible (wind, gas).  A noun can be recognized by the determiners - the, a, an, some, this, etc - that come before it.

3. There are different types of nouns • There are common nouns, A common noun names every person or thing that belongs to the same group • proper nouns, is a name of a particular person, animal, place, or thing • concrete nouns, refers to a material object that we can see and touch • abstract nouns. is something we cannot see or touch (love, anger). We use it to refer to things that are not concrete objects such as quality, idea, condition, etc.

4. 1. Common nouns • A common noun names a class of similar things (chair, box), and not an individual member of a specified group of people or things. We do not capitalize the first letter of a common noun unless it is the first word in a sentence. • Common nouns are names of people, things, animals and places, etc. • People – aunt, boy, butcher, carpenter, cousin, father, girl, lady, man, mother, tailor, woman • Things – bicycle, book, car, computer, dress, hammer, key, pencil,  ship, table, vase, wallet • Animals – armadillo, baboon, bee, caterpillar, cow, dog, eagle, fish, monkey, pig, snake, turkey, • Places – airport, beach, bullring, cemetery, church, country, hospital, library, mall, park, restaurant, zoo

5. 2. Proper noun • A proper noun is a special name of a person, place, organization, etc. We spell a proper noun with a capital letter. Proper nouns also refer to times or to dates in the calendar. • We can use plurals for proper nouns in exceptional cases. • There are three Johns in my class. • We can also use the, an, or a for a proper noun in special circumstances. • This is no longer the London I used to live in

6. 3.Concrete noun • A concrete noun is something we see or touch. It is the opposite of an abstract noun. There are countable concrete nouns and uncountable concrete nouns. • Countable: teacher (people); valley (place); deer (animal); comb (thing) • Uncountable: water (liquid); steam (gas); copper (substance)

7. 4. Abstract noun • An abstract noun is a quality or something that we can only think of rather than as something that we can see or touch, e.g. beauty, courage, friendship, intelligence, truth. We can form abstract nouns from common nouns (child – childhood); from verbs (know – knowledge); and from adjectives (happy – happiness).

8. Singular and Plural Nouns

9. There are nouns that are always plural and take a plural verb. • Jeans, knickers, panties, pants, pyjamas, shorts, tights, trousers, and underpants • Pincers, pliers, scissors, shears, tongs • Clogs, sandals, slippers, and sneakers • Glasses (spectacles), binoculars • These trousers are not mine. • Pliers are a handy tool. • My garden shears trim the hedge very well. • My glasses are used only for reading.

10. Nouns which are plural in form but take a singular verb • The following plural nouns are used with a singular verb as they are treated as singular: • Athletics, economics, gymnastics, linguistics, mathematics, mechanics, news, numismatics, measles, mumps, physics, politics and pyrotechnics • Economics: Economics was my favorite subject at school. • News – The good news is that we have all been invited. • Diseases such as mumps, measles, etc: An infectious illness, mumps was common among children.

11. Next…. • Measurements and amounts that are considered as a single unit: • One hundred years is a century. • Ten kilometers is a long distance. • Twenty dollars is not enough to buy a good shirt. • Seven days in prison is all he got for shoplifting.

12. Countable and Uncountable Nouns 1. Countable nouns (also called count nouns) are nouns that can be counted (e.g. oranges). Uncountable nouns (also known as non-count or mass nouns)are amounts of something which we cannot count (e.g. sand). So how do we know whether or not a noun is countable or uncountable?

13. Next… The noun is countable: • if we can use the indefinite articlea/an before it. Example: I own a car. / I play with an ostrich. • if we can use the word 'many' (and not 'much') to describe it. Example: She has many friends. (It's wrong to say: She has much friends.) • if we can express its quantity by using a number before it. Example: I have five apples. • if it takes on singular as well as plural forms. Example: an orange / some oranges / fifty oranges

14. The noun is uncountable: • if a/an is not normally used in front of it. Example: He is eating some rice. (NOT: He is eating a rice.) Rice is treated as not countable, so some (which can be used for both countable and uncountable nouns) is used with it. • if the word much can be correctly used with it. Example: How much rice have you eaten? (NOT: How many rice have you eaten?) • if it is not possible for us to count it. However, we can make it countable by having a quantity for it. Example: I have just bought two cartons or liters/liters of milk. (NOT: I have just bought two milk.) • if it takes only a singular form. Example: some ice (NOT: some ices) / some ink (NOT: some inks) / some soup (NOT: some soups)

15. Example; • I boil an egg • I like egg which one countable ?

16. Collective noun • A collective noun is a name used for a number of people, animals or things that we group together and speak of as a whole. For example, we say a bunch of bananas, a litter of puppies, a flock of sheep, etc. Viewed as a single unit, a group uses a singular verb; regarded as separate members making up the group, it takes a plural verb.

17. Examples.. • The family is planning an overseas trip • The family are discussing about the plan • The new government has gained more support since taking office.The Government are determined to keep inflation in check • The enemy is calling for a ceasefire.Security is very tight as the enemy are everywhere.

18. conjunction • Conjunctions join related words, phrases, or clauses. A conjunction can be a word (and, because, but, or, etc) or a phrase (as though, as well as, in order that, so that). • 1.Coordinating Conjunctions • 2.  Subordinating Conjunctions • 3.  Correlative Conjunctions • 4.  Connecting conjunctions • 5.  Conjunctions function as Preposition, Adverb, or Adjective

19. 1. Coordinating conjunctions • coordinating conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses • FANBOYS: For-And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So • When a coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses, it is often (but not always) accompanied by a comma.

20. Next… 1. You need to know what right you have and how to use them. 2. This is an expensive but immensely useful machine. 3. We didn’t believe a word he said, nor his excuses 4.You can choose the white one or the black one. 5. He finds it difficult to see clearly, for he is partially blind

21. Continue…. 6. The rain got heavier, so the match had to be abandoned. 7. He is only a little boy, yet he is able to carry such a heavy load.

22. 2. Subordinating Conjunctions • Subordinating conjunctions join a subordinate clause (also called dependent clause) to an independent /main clause • Subordinating conjunctions in use 1. The whole ostrich-rearing business will fail unless we put in more money. 2. It’s urgent that something be done before more villagers are trampled to death by the elephants. 3. These girls are already drunk althoughthey have drunk only a little.

23. 3.Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions as mentioned earlier are paired conjunctions, which means they do not come in singles words. They come in the form of pairs of words: either … or; neither … nor; both … and; not only … but also, and whether … or. 

24. You can have either this one or that one. • They claimed what they saw were neither humans nor monkeys. • Both he and his brother are joint leaders of the street gang. • I like the rainbow not only it is colorful but also it curves. • I could not decide whether to marry her or her sister.

25. 4. Connecting Conjunctions A. Conjunctions connect same parts of speech 1. I have a brother and a sister. (Noun linked to noun) 2. We joked and laughed. (Verb to verb) 3. She is tall and beautiful. (Adjective to adjective) 4. He often eats quickly and noisily. (Adverb to adverb) B. Conjunctions connect words 1.We bathe our dog and cat in the same tub. 2.Gorillas and chimpanzees are primates

26. C. Conjunctions connect phrases 1. I like watching TVand eating popcorn at the same time. 2. He likes listening to ghost stories but notvisiting haunted places. D. Conjunctions connect clauses • We went closer. We were able to see it better. • We went closer and were able to see it better.

27. Next… • The zoo has two hippos. It also has two giraffes. • The zoo has two hippos …………… • She is friendly. She is not very considerate. • She is friendly …………. • Will you have a coffee? Or will you have a tea? • Will you have a coffee …………

28. 5. Conjunctions Function as Preposition, Adverb, or Adjective A conjunction can be a preposition, an adverb, or an adjective. It depends on its use in a sentence. a. he couldn’t even sign his cheq,for he was completely drunk. (Conjunction) b. His grandchildren booked a coffin for him when he fell into a coma. (Preposition) c. Her husband had an affair with a colleague so his wife did the same with her boss. (Conjunction) d. She hates her nosy neighbor and so does her husband. (Adverb) e. Their book is about aliens out to kidnap the President, but that was not so. (Adjective)

29. Choose the correct one of these sentences • He is intelligent but hardworking.  • He is intelligent and hardworking. • I have always been weak in mathematics and I have never failed a test. • I have always been weak in mathematics, but I have never failed a test.