Chapter 4

1. Chapter 4 • I. Freehold Society in New England • Farm Families, Women’s Place • Women Subordinate • Labor crucial • Small farms = • Employment

2. Chapter 4 • I. Freehold Society in New England • B. Farm Property – Inheritance • Whole communities of independent property owners

3. Chapter 4 • II. Middle Atlantic • A. Economic Growth and Social Inequality • “groundleases” • Wealthy Agriculturalists emerge

4. II. The Middle AtlanticA. Economic Growth and Social Inequality Climate/Environment Land leases granted to tenants – social ladder difficult o climb Society increasingly stratified with influx of poor and growth of wheat trade

5. II. The Middle AtlanticB. Cultural Diversity Patchwork of ethnically and religiously diverse Germans Irish

6. II. The Middle AtlanticC. Religious Identity and Political Conflict • Germans/Scotch Irish conflict with Quakers • Indian Policy • Separation of Church and State • Political Power

7. III. Enlightenment and Great AwakeningA. Enlightenment in America Many believed Divine Intervention and God’s Will Enlightenment thinkers disagree Deism

8. III. Enlightenment and Great AwakeningB. Pietism and the Great Awakening Pietism – From Germany 1720’s Lower Classes Emphasized pious behavior, emotion and a mystical union with God George Whitfield transforms meeting into “Great Awakening” “New Light”

9. III. Enlightenment and Great AwakeningC. Religious upheaval in the North “New Light” vs. “Old Light” Women Undermined traditional churches Stressed individual sense of religious authority Founding of Princeton, Rutgers, Columbia, Brown Intellectual Legacy

10. III. Enlightenment and Great AwakeningD.

11. The Midcentury ChallengeA. French and Indian Conflict Ohio Co. obtain Royal Grant in Ohio River valley Native Resistance French Set up forts Washington British dispatch forces

12. 1754  Albany Plan of Union Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA

13. The Midcentury ChallengeA. French and Indian Conflict 1755 – Fort Beausejour (Nova Scotia) Fort Duquesne

14. British-American Colonial Tensions Methods ofFighting: • Indian-style guerilla tactics. • March in formation or bayonet charge. MilitaryOrganization: • Col. militias served under own captains. • Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. MilitaryDiscipline: • No mil. deference or protocols observed. • Drills & tough discipline. Finances: • Resistance to rising taxes. • Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: • Casual, non-professionals. • Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

15. The Midcentury ChallengeB . Great War for Empire 1756 – 7 Years War William Pitt – cripple France by attacking Colonies Fall of Quebec Treaty of Paris, 1763

16. Effects of the War on Britain? 1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

17. Effects of the War on the American Colonials 1.It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

18. North America in 1763

20. The Midcentury ChallengeB . Great War for Empire Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763 Proclamation of 1763

21. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

22. North America in 1763

23. The Midcentury ChallengeC. British Economic Growth and Consumer Revolution British Industrial Revolution 1st “consumer” revolution Many bought with credit, after war many fell into debt

24. The Midcentury ChallengeD. Land Conflicts Growth of Colonial population = conflict over land Powerful won these conflicts = begin to look more like Europe Pressure to move west – (safety valve?)

25. The Midcentury ChallengeE. Western Uprisings Creates new disputes over Indian Policy, representation and Debt Paxton Boys, Regulators Response of British?

27. Because of fertile land and a long growing season, plantations in the thirteen colonies developed in (1) New England (2) the Middle Atlantic region (3) the South (4) the upper Mississippi River valley

28. What would be the best title for this map? (1) British Domination of the Americas (2) Colonial Trade Routes (3) Spanish Colonies in the New World (4) The United States in 1750

29. • Jamestown, founded in 1607 • Plymouth colony, founded in 1620 • New Amsterdam, founded in 1625 These early colonial settlements were similar in that each was located (1) at the base of a mountain range (2) near the coastline (3) in an arid climate (4) on offshore islands

32. The French and Indian War(Seven Years War) • England and Colonies fight French and Natives over the Ohio River Valley (valuable fur trade) • Final war in a series of war between French and English • Starts out bad for English/Colonies – France 1 govt., Colonies 13

33. Albany Plan of Union • Benjamin Franklin foresaw this dilemma before F&I war. Proposed a single institution to govern all of the British colonies in America. • He failed, but he planted seed of future union. • Inspiration from Iroquois Confederacy?

36. Treaty of Paris, 1763 • England defeats France and France loses all land on mainland North America – keep a few islands • War cost English treasury vast amounts of money

37. North America in 1763

38. English “We fought this war for the colonies, they must help us pay for it” Colonial “This is great, now we can start settling the Ohio River Valley” 2 views of war

40. When colonists began crossing Appalachian Mountains for furs, they fell under attack by native tribes.

41. Proclamation Line of 1763 • England declares colonists cannot cross over Appalachians – for their own good. • Colonists are angry!

42. In response to the public outcry in England, the English government also begins enforcing the tax laws and trade restrictions on Colonies.