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pred1(X,Z):-parent(X,Z). pred1(X,Z):-parent(X,Y), pred1( Y, Z).

pred 1 (tom, pat). by rule. pr1. by rule. pr2. parent(tom, Y). parent(tom, pat). pred 1 (Y, pat). no. Y = bob. parent(tom, bob). by fact. pred 1 (bob, pat). by rule. pr1. parent(bob, pat). yes. parent(pam, bob). parent(tom, bob). parent(tom, liz). parent(bob, ann).

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pred1(X,Z):-parent(X,Z). pred1(X,Z):-parent(X,Y), pred1( Y, Z).

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  1. pred1(tom, pat) by rule pr1 by rule pr2 parent(tom, Y) parent(tom, pat) pred1(Y, pat) no Y = bob parent(tom, bob) by fact pred1(bob, pat) by rule pr1 parent(bob, pat) yes • parent(pam, bob). • parent(tom, bob). • parent(tom, liz). • parent(bob, ann). • parent(bob, pat). • parent(pat,jim). pred1(X,Z):-parent(X,Z). pred1(X,Z):-parent(X,Y), pred1( Y, Z).

  2. parent(pam, bob). • parent(tom, bob). • parent(tom, liz). • parent(bob, ann). • parent(bob, pat). • parent(pat,jim). pr1 tom ile başlayan 2 parent ilişkisi (bob ve liz) bulunduğundan ikisini de dene bob ile başlayan 2 parent ilişkisi (ann ve pat) bulunduğundan ikisini de dene pr2 pr1 pr1 pr1 pr1 pr2 parent(ann,Y’’) pred2(Y’’,pat) pr2 pr1 parent(pat,Y’’’) pred2(Y’’’,pat) ann ile başlayan parent ilişkisi bulamadığından No pr1 pr2 jim ile başlayan parent ilişkisi bulamadığından No

  3. parent(pam, bob). • parent(tom, bob). • parent(tom, liz). • parent(bob, ann). • parent(bob, pat). • parent(pat,jim). pred3(tom,Y’) parent(Y’,pat) pred3(X, Z) :- parent(X, Z). pred3(X, Z) :- pred3( X, Y), parent(Y, Z).

  4. parent(pam, bob). • parent(tom, bob). • parent(tom, liz). • parent(bob, ann). • parent(bob, pat). • parent(pat,jim).

  5. Backtracking Control • Backtracking’i kontrol etmek için iki operatör: CUT -!, argüman almaz, her zaman true, backtracking’i durdurur. FAIL – her zaman false, backtracking’e devam ettirir. loop :- goal, fail. loop. Loop çağrıldığında goal her seferinde farklı değerler için tekrarlı olarak tüm olası alternatifler bitene kadar çalıştırılır, En sonunda Loop true olarak tamamlanır.

  6. Cut p :- a,b. p :- c,d. (a  b)  (c  d) p :- a, !, b. p :- c,d. (a  b)  (not(a)  c  d) p :- a, b, !. p :- c,d. (a  b)  ((not(a) not(b)) c  d) p :- !,a, b. p :- c,d. ? (a  b)

  7. fail • father(leonard,katherine). father(carl,jason). father(carl,marilyn). everybody:- father(X,Y), write(X),nl, fail. everybody. • fail bir sonuç bulunsa bile arama işlemine devam edilmesini sağlar.

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