Chapter 9 Review

1. Chapter 9 Review

2. Vocabulary Mobilization Autocracy Ethnic Group Armistice Balance of Power

3. Vocabulary Pacifist Kaiser Dissent Ration Socialist

4. Vocabulary Entente U-Boat National Self-Determination Convoy Reparations

5. Cause of WWI: European nations had competed for colonies for hundreds of years. As the nations acquired more ___________, huge __________ were needed to protect their interests. territories; militarism land; soldiers territories; armies land; militarism Fill in the Blanks In the late 1800s, _____________ _____________ had the world’s largest and strongest navy. In the early 1900s, _____________ began to challenge ______________ naval power. A bitter _____________ grew between the two nations and led to an arms race that threatened the peace of _____________.

6. Cause of WWI: What is an alliance? ___________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Why did the alliance system pose a great danger? ______________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ What would a country do as a result of military buildups? _______________ _______________________________________________________________________ What was the purpose of an alliance? _________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

7. Alliance System Cause of WWI: What were the two major alliances in Europe by 1914? Triple ____________ (Central Powers) Triple ____________ (Allied Powers)

8. Cause of WWI: What is imperialism? __________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ European imperialism had been occurring for centuries. The only way for each country to expand was to take more ____________. New territories provided and boosted New markets New materials A nation’s status All of the above ________________ by one nation often brought it into conflict with another country. Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Russia wanted to increase their colonial standings.

9. Cause of WWI: What is nationalism? __________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ In the mid 1800s, nationalism encouraged new nations to unify and ______________ their ___________ in the world. Nationalism caused tension in Europe. Nationalism inspired certain groups of people to break away from existing nations. Some people of these ________ ________ demanded independent nations of their own. national groups ethnic groups Italy became a kingdom in 1860. Germany became a kingdom in 1870. These actions ______________ the power of older nations such as Great Britain and France.

10. “The Great War” • Allied Powers: • Great Britain • France • Russia • Central Powers: • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Ottoman-Empire (Turks) Japan: rival of Germany, 1914 Italy: 1915 after a promise of a territory in Austria post war

11. Fighting On the Western Front • Germany: • __________ and ___________ • Enter Belgium • __________ joined Allies; delay • Germany __________ enters France; move within miles of Paris • Battle of Marne Learned from Battle of Marne: Stopped __________ advance. Boosted __________ morale. Neither side was capable of winning the war quickly or easily. Fighting on the Western Front came to a ______________ where neither side made any military advances. To break the stalemate, both sides launched many attacks bullets offensives

12. For how long did the opposing armies faced each other across a complex network of deep trenches? One Year Two Years Three Years Five Years Where were trenches that provided protection from bullets and shells? Along the front lines Behind in the front lines In the middle Where were trenches that served as first aid stations, headquarters, and storage areas? Along the front lines Behind the front lines In the middle

13. Germany launched the Battle of Verdun (February-December 1916), which was one of the __________ and ___________ battles of the war. longest; bloodiest shortest; bloodiest When the Battle of Verdun was over, more than 750,000 French and German soldiers had died. Allies offensive, launched during Battle of Verdun: Battle of Somme Allies begin their offensive during the Battle of Somme. In the battle, their was a high number of ____________. Allies only gained ____ miles.

14. Nationalism Cause of WWI: Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian __________, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand: next in line to the throne in Austria-Hungary. NationalistSocialistPacifist This was the spark that led to the chain reaction of European countries declaring war with one another. Austria-Hungary wanted to crush _________, and issued harsh demands, which _________ refused. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28,1914.

15. The war spread quickly. Alliance System Cause of WWI: • Germany allied with Austria-Hungary: • Declared war on ________ on August 1, 1914. • Declared war on ________ on August 3, 1914. • August 4: Germany invaded Belgium, violating a treaty to guarantee Belgium’s neutrality. • Great Britain allied with Belgium: • Declared war on Germany on August 4, 1914. • Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia on August 6, 1916. • France and Great Britain declare war on Austria-Hungary on August 12, 1914.

16. Why did the U.S. enter WWI? 1. Traded with Allies and Central Powers. 2. Britain blocked German harbors; searched and seized US goods. US was neutral. 3. US continue to trade with Britain but couldn’t no longer trade with Germany. 4. France and Great Britain borrowed billions of dollars from the US to help pay for war which upset Germany who felt that the US was helping the Allies. 5. To stop US from trading with Great Britain, Germany stated it would attack any ship that entered or left British ports. 6. On May 5, 1917, a German U-boat torpedoed a British passenger liner, Lusitania, killing more than 1000 people. 7. Germany attacked a French passenger ship, Sussex; Germany feared the US would enter the war; offered money to those who were injured and promised to warn neutral ships before attacking.

17. Allied Propaganda Define propaganda: __________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Stressed German invasion of neutral Belgium and the horror stories of German atrocities. Called Germans “Huns” and barbarians. Wars more effective in influencing Americans because of sympathy for Britain.

18. How did the US mobilize its resources to fight the war? Mobilization for war AFFECTED EVERY PART OF AMERICAN LIFE. • 1. National War Labor Board, April 1918: • To ensure production of vital war materials • Pressured business to grant most important worker demands. • 8 hour work day • overtime pay • equal pay for women • right to form unions Resource:

19. 2. Food Administration, Herbert Hoover appointed by Wilson to encourage farmers to produce more and public to consume less. • Put price control on agricultural products to encourage voluntary rationing. • Americans consumed less • food production expanded • food exports increased Resource: food • War Industries Board • Supervised nation’s industrial production • Oversee changeover of factories. • to produce war-related products • Set prices for key consumer products Resource:

20. Fuel Administration • Managed the nation’s coal and oil • introduced daylight savings time • called for “Heatless Mondays” Resource: food • 5. Committee on Public Information, George Creel appointed by Wilson promote war as a battle for democracy and freedom • Massive propaganda posters. • pro-war pamphlets, posters, articles, books, speakers, artists, etc. Resource:

21. Effects on American Society • 1. Increased taxes; sold war bonds. • 2. Labor shortage: men went to war; decreased immigration • women took positions previously held by men • “The Great Migration”: Between 1914-1920, 300,000-500,000 African Americans left the rural South to settle in Northern cities for jobs • 3. Controlling public opinion: opposition to the war was strong. • Some German Americans and Irish Americans sympathized with the Central Powers. • Socialists opposed the war, thinking it would only benefit rich business owners and hurt working people. • Pacifists opposed the war.

22. Committee on Public Information began trying to quiet the dissent. • People against the war were “unpatriotic.” • The Espionage Act of 1917: • penalized those who were spies • penalized hose who interfered with army recruiting • The Sabotage Act and the Sedition Act of 1918: • made it a crime to say, print, or write any criticism perceived or recognized as negative about the government • many people were convicted under these laws • some spoke out against the laws; many others believed that during war, nothing was “too drastic” against traitors or disloyal Americans

23. Post War Chaos • ____________ was in ruins. • 2. Human losses were __________. • France, Russia, and Germany lost between 1-2 million people each in ____________. Millions were wounded. • 50,000 Americans _________ in combat. • 60,000 soldiers _________ of disease. • Millions of civilians lost their lives. 3. ___________ faced social and political turmoil. 4. Millions of people were __________ and ____________. 5. Civil war raged in Russia. 6. Poles, Czechs, and other people struggled to form their own ____________.

24. Making Peace • January, 1919: • 27 _________ gathered in Paris, France. • ____________ looked to Wilson to help create a better ____________ Wilson’s Fourteen Points • “National Self-Determination” the right of the people to decide how they are ____________. • Adjust boundaries in ___________ and create new nations • Principles for conducting international relations • Free _________ • Freedom of the ________ • Supported an end to secret treaties • Called for limits on arms • _______________ settlement of disputes over colonies

25. League of Nations Led to United Nations • Wilson’s final point. • Member nations • Would help preserve __________ and prevent future _________ • Would ___________ and ____________ one another’s independence • Initially…. Many ____________ thought YAY! • Then … Oh, Wait… • ______________ developed when nations put their own interests first • Wilson’s points did not provide clear ______________ to difficult questions • How to achieve self-determination

26. At the Peace Talks… • Neither Germany nor Russia were invited to participate • Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France • Wanted to make sure Germany would never invade ___________ again • Believed Germany should be broken into smaller countries • Demanded Germany make reparations for the ___________ • David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of Great Britain • Demanded Germany make _____________ for the damages • Vittorio Orlando, Prime Minister of Italy • Wilson, US President • Opposed punishing the defeated ___________ • Struggled to uphold the principles of his ______________ _________ • Was forced to compromise with the _________