Liquid Fuel Rockets

1. Liquid Fuel Rockets • Increase troop size • Food preservation • Refrigeration • Adiabatic flask • WWII • V2 liquid fuel rocket

2. New Outer Space Vehicles • Multipurpose Crew Vehicle. • First manned flight scheduled for 2016. • Crew of four • SpaceX Falcon • First manned flight scheduled for 2016 • Crew of seven • Reusable

3. Charles the Bold • Financed a large army to protect and expand his territory. • 2 March 1476 defeated by pike square. • This event triggers larger armies due to lesser training time and cost/man.

4. 1364- New warfare weapons/tactics • 1364 - First rifles required two men and shot rocks. • 1476 – The pike phalanx or pike square • 1503 – Arquebus matchlock rifles accurate to 60 yds. • 1521 – The flintlock musket with pre-measured gunpowder.

5. Increased Troop Size • All this new technology made it easier to train soldiers thus increasing front-line warfare personnel. 1800- Battle of Morengo Napoleon nearly lost this battle because his soldiers were in disarray do to worthless currency and lack of food

6. Napoleon rebuilds France • Napoleon placed currency on gold standard to eliminate inflation. • Napoleon created the “Society for the Encouragement of Industry -” $$$ reward for industrial innovation to get economy going again.

7. 1803 Food Preservation • Nicholas Appert won 12,000 francs from Society for the Encouragement of Industry for food preservation in 1810. • Appertisation in champagne bottles (100oC)

8. 1813 - The tin can • 1813 – The tin can developed in England. • 1820 – Canned food available to public. • 1845 – Discovered spoiled canned meat. • Didn’t know the process (pasteurization in 1862) requires a more thorough heat treatment & careful handling.

9. Botulism • Clostridium Botulinum contains seven strains of the bacteria of which four cause human illness. Sufficient heating will kill this bacteria.

10. Botox • Botulinum thrives in anaerobic environments like inside canned food. They produce a nerve toxin (Botox) which can kill. A antidote is required immediately. • Today the toxin is used for cosmetic purposes.

11. 1833 – John Gorrie,M.D.’s malaria treatment • Believed heat and damp rotting vegetation caused malaria. • 1836 - ice buckets, ventilation and gauze curtains to treat malaria.

12. Gorries portrait

13. John Gorrie’s refrigeration • Invented air conditioning: I) compressed air in piston to give off heat, 2) heat removed in water, 3) allow air to re-expand to become cold which removed heat from brine: (P/T= constant). • The temperature drop caused by volume expansion of gas is called the “Joule-Thomson Effect”.

14. Ideal Gasses • Since P/T = constant then pressure and temperature are directly proportional. • Halving the pressure will halve the absolute temperature, 0 K = -273 oC. • K = 273 + oC & (oF -32)/1.8= oC • Therefore halving the pressure at 68 oF would yield -196 oF!

15. John Gorries refrigerator

16. Frozen food • 1869 –Frozen beef was successfully shipped from Texas to New Orleans. • Germany needed refrigeration to make beer year round. Von Linde used ammonia as refrigerant. • 1891 – Von Linde sold 12,000 refrigerators to households.

17. Heat • Liquid + heat  gas • Heat is energy or ability to do work. Measured as the product of temperature x quantity. • Heat = Temperature x quantity • Temperature = speed of molecules • Quantity = mass of molecules • At same temperature, 2 gallon water will contain 2x more heat than 1 gallon water.

18. Aqueous ammonia refrigerator

19. The Modern Refrigerator

20. CFC-12 is Dichlorodifluoromethane a non-flammable, non-toxic replacement for ammonia refrigerant. Around 1990 it was discovered that CFC’s destroy the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. 1930 Dupont began offering CFC-12 refrigerant

21. 1877 –Liquefied oxygen for limelight. • Joule – Thomson effect and cascade refrigeration. • Liquid oxygen boils at -297 oF = -147oC = 125 K • Small amounts could be made but there was no efficient means of containing it.

22. The Adiabatic Flask • 1882 -Jules Violle made a double walled glass container for super cooled liquids. Vacuum between walls and silvered on outside. • 1890 - Sir James Dewar silvered on both sides. Today such flasks are called Dewars. • 1891 – liquid hydrogen made for first time. • 1904–Thermos® went on the market.

23. Liquid fuel rockets • 1920-1940 - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robbert Goddard and Herman Oberth (V-2 Rocket) • Werner von Braun, the Saturn V which landed men on the moon in 1969.

24. V2 Rocket Used liquid oxygen and kerosene as fuel German WWII rocket design to destroy London.

25. Space Shuttle The red portion of the Shuttle is two thermos bottles containing H2 (l) and O2 (l) The white boosters contain solid propellant 2H2 + O2 2H2O + heat

26. Image taken from the International Space Station by Astronaut Wheelock.

27. Xenon Ion Propulsion Systems (XIPS)

28. XIPS • Xenon is high density gas • KE = mv2/2 • v = 30 km/s or • v = 63,000 mi/hr • 90% more efficient than chemical rockets.

29. What uses did nobility put borrowed money to? What triggered increased troop size? Appert’s method of food preservation & its importance to Napoleon. How did Napoleon get France back into financial shape after Battle of Morango? Slide #3 & B 220-221 #3-5 & B 220-226 #7 #6 What you should know

30. How are canned foods treated to prevent food poisoning? Trigger for Gorrie’s cooling system. The principal behind Gorrie’s refrigerator. The components of a Dewar flask. #8-9 prolonged high heat is necessary to kill pathogens. #11-15 #13 & p/T = constant #22 - vacuum sealed hollow glass cylinder silvered on both sides. What you should know

31. The connection between refrigeration and liquid fuel rockets. Difference between liquid and solid fuel rockets. Liquid fuels in the space shuttle. How do XIPS rockets work Differentiate between heat and temperature. Lecture notes. #21 extremely low temperatures to liquefy O2 & H2. Liquids are controllable. #25 #27-28 #17 Heat = temperature x quantity What you should know