Citing, Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism

1. Citing, Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism • This workshop will • Explain what plagiarism is and how it can be avoided • Demonstrate how citation takes place within a written assignment and give tips on where to place citations. • Cover the basics of numeric and author-date (Harvard) referencing systems Louise Livesey Academic Skills Adviser

2. Today’s Plan 1. What plagiarism is 2. How to avoid plagiarism 3. What a citation is 4. Tips on where to place a citation 5. When to use citations 6. The numeric referencing system 7. The Harvard referencing system

3. 1.What plagiarism is Reference to show been thorough and to avoid plagiarism • Pass off others’ work as yours • No acknowledgement of sources: • Citations • Reference list

4. 1.What plagiarism is What plagiarism looks like Many international students fear analysing and critiquing academic arguments, despite wanting to be successful. Excerpt adapted from Neville (2009)

5. 1.What plagiarism is ‘Safe’ text The prospect of deconstructing and commenting on academic arguments in an essay, rather than simply acknowledging and restating them, is a genuinely fearful one [for many international students], despite the obvious desire of these students to want to get things ‘right’ and go home with the qualification they came here to get (Johnson, 2007).

6. 1.What plagiarism is 1 & 2: Together, we will decide if these describe plagiarism or not Activity 1: Plagiarism or not? 3-6: In pairs, you decide if they describe plagiarism or not

7. 2.How to avoid plagiarism Strategies: • Interpret the assignment question or task • Give yourself time to organise and structure your • Write all your notes in your own words: so you do not confuse them with quotes • Write down exactly where you read the information you put in your notes • In your assignment, cite the sources of ideas and information even if you are not giving a quotation • Make it clear when you are using a direct quotation • Write out a full list of references at the end of your written work

8. 2.How to avoid plagiarism Tips: • Put your pen or keyboard out of reach • Read a passage without taking any notes • Stop reading and cover up the page • If possible, sum up what you have read out loud to hear your own words in your own voice • Once you can say what the passage is about, note it down in your own words • Write a quotation down in a different colour – this will help you find it easily and show you how much you copy!

9. 3.What a citation is • Placed within the text • Signal to reader • In brackets: • Author/s or editor/s name • Publication date • Page number (if direct quote) • Or as an added number

10. 4.Tips on where to place a citation Paraphrasing Nonetheless, the film was deliberately inaccurate about José Marti, who, contrary to the image depicted in American films, spent much of his life in poverty (Colon, 1983: 81-82). OR Nonetheless, the film was deliberately inaccurate about José Marti, who, contrary to the image depicted in American films, spent much of his life in poverty (Colon, 1983, p. 81-82). Quoting: Nonetheless, the film was deliberately inaccurate about the life of José Marti. Colon (1983: 81-82) explains that ‘José Marti never had a mansion or a hut of his own. Needless to say, he never had slaves.’ OR Nonetheless, the film was deliberately inaccurate about the life of José Marti. Colon (1983, p. 81-82) explains that ‘José Marti never had a mansion or a hut of his own. Needless to say, he never had slaves.’

11. 4.Tips on where to place a citation It has been suggested that we can believe ourselves to be incapable of a task that is well within our capacities. This can occur simply because we do not recognise the similarity of two tasks when the circumstances appear different. This view is supported by research. It has been demonstrated that students who spend more time early on actively looking for similarities between writing tasks and areas of existing expertise are then more successful at the writing task.This suggests that academic success may be more a question of good strategy and of building upon experience rather than underlying intelligence.

12. 4.Tips on where to place a citation Butterworth (1992) has suggested that we can believe ourselves to be incapable of a task that is well within our capacities. This can occur simply because we do not recognise the similarity of two tasks when the circumstances appear different. This view is supported by research. It has been demonstrated that students who spend more time early on actively looking for similarities between writing tasks and areas of existing expertise are then more successful at the writing task (Bloggs, 2014). This suggests that academic success may be more a question of good strategy and of building upon experience rather than underlying intelligence.

13. 4.Tips on where to place a citation A. References are listed alphabetically by author at the end of your written work. A reference provides all the information a reader would need to find the text you have used. For hard copies of books this is: author, date of publication, name of the text, location of the publisher and publisher name. Additional information is provided for other types of text, such as article name, journal issue and number; web page name, web address and date of access for on-line information; etc. X(Cottrell: 2013).

14. 4.Tips on where to place a citation B. Various psychologists have used experiments on identical twins to suggest that anything up to 80% of our intelligence could be genetically based X (Thompson: 2001, Perking: 1995). Others argue that twins’ similar physical appearance and cultural upbringing could account for similarities in their performance X (Gardner: 1993). Whilst people who do well on one intelligence test do well on other such tests, there is evidence that such performance is also affected by familiarity with the culture and thinking of those who designed the text X (Mckintosh and Mascie-Taylor: 1985).

15. 4.Tips on where to place a citation C. Research shows that students who do best at problem-solving spend longer than other students at working out exactly what problem is before they try to solve it. Weaker students look at the surface of the problem and do not see the underlying structure that makes it similar to problems they already know X ( Keane, Kahney and Brayshaw: 1989).

16. 5.When to use citations

17. 6.The numeric referencing system • Each source in the text has a number following it (start at 1) in brackets, e.g. Baker (1) has suggested that government intervention hinders the economy limits productivity. However, an alternative view has been advanced by Jones (2). Or Baker 1 has suggested that government intervention hinders the economy limits productivity. However, an alternative view has been advanced by Jones 2. • Can add page number/s, e.g. Baker’s argument (1: 25) that government intervention hinders economic growth is addressed in detail by Andrews (2: 45-65).

18. 6.The numeric referencing system Reference list: in numerical order how they appear in the text, e.g. 1.Baker, S. (2011) Best-laid intentions. London: Livesey Press. 2.Andrews, M. (2012) Saviour or Destroyer? Manchester: Reed Publications.

19. 6.The Harvard referencing system • Each source in the text has the author/s’ last name in brackets and year of publication, e.g. In a recent study (Smith, 1996) the solution was shown to be…’ OR In a recent study Smith (1996) argued that… • Can add page number/s, e.g. A recent study (Smith 1996, p.51) found that 10% of people had experienced… OR A recent study by Smith (1996, p.51) found that ‘45% of people disliked…’

20. 6.The Harvard referencing system Reference list: in alphabetic order by author/s’ last namee.g. Andrews, M. (2012) Saviour or Destroyer? Manchester: Reed Publications. Baker, S. (2011) Best-laid intentions. London: Livesey Press.

21. 6.The Harvard referencing system Look at my reference list Activity 3: Harvard referencing system list Anderson, 2003 Astin, 2002 Bandura, 1977 Brown, 2001 Bruner, 1996 Johnson, 1981 Kata, 2009 Holmberg, 1989 Hou & Wu, 2011 Hrastinski, 2008 Lave & Wenger, 2005 Meyer, 2004 Tinto, 2010 Vygotsky, 1978

22. References Cottrell, S. (2013) The Study Skills Handbook. 4th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Evans, M. and Moore, J. (2013) Peer tutoring with the aid of the Internet. British Journal of Educational Technology. Vol. 44:1. pp. 144–155. [online] Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2011.01280.x/full[Accessed 12.9.2014] Greetham, B. (2013) How to Write Better Essays. 3rd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Johnson, T. (2007) How do international students engage with learning about study skills in British higher education? Paper delivered at the Adult Learning Devleopment in Higher Education Symposium, Bournemouth.

23. References Hunt, J. (2008) Civilisation and its Disconnects. Aslib Journal of Information Management. Vol. 60: 5. pp. 417-443 [online] Available at: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/00012530810908175 [Accessed 18.9.2014] McDevitt., T.M. and Ormrod, J.E. (2010) Effects of Heredity and Environment on Intelligence. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. [online] Available at: http://www.education.com/reference/article/effects-heredity-environment-intelligence/ [Accessed 12.9.2014] Motluck, A. (2001) IQ is inherited, suggests twin study. New Scientist [online]. Available at: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1520-iq-is-inherited-suggests-twin-study.html#.VBL0v5RdV8F [Accessed 12.9.2014]. Neville, C. (2009) How to Improve your Assignment Results. Maidenhead: OUP

24. Academic Skills Advice Service • Where are we? Chesham Building B0.23 • What do we do? Support undergraduate students with their academic skills by running clinicsand workshops, having bookable appointment slots, and enabling students to drop-in for Instant Advice. • Who are we? Michael and Helen specialise in Maths Support; Lucy and Russell advise students on study skills; and I (Louise) deliver the workshops • When can you come for help? Everydayboth face to face and on-line • How do I get in touch? Email: academic-skills@brad.ac.uk or website www.brad.ac.uk/academic-skills

25. Any questions?