Micronutrients and macronutrients

1. Ian DeLaCruz Kevin Chung Dan Ipaktchi Melinda Disharoon Micronutrientsand macronutrients

2. Outline the difference between micronutrients and macronutrients B.5.1

3. Macronutrients vs. Micronutrients • Found in relatively large amounts (>0.005% of body weight) • Provides energy • Ex. Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, S and Cl • Found in small amounts (<0.005% of body weight) • Acts as a co-factor of enzymes • Ex. Fe,Cu, F, Zn, I, Se, Mn, Mo, Cr, Co and B

4. Compare the structures of retinol (vitamin A), calciferol (vitamin D), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) B.5.2

5. Retinol (Vitamin A) • Yellow, fat soluble subtance • Molecular Formula- C20H30O • Molar Mass- 286.4516 g mol−1 • Chemical name (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol • Chemical doesn’t need to be learned

6. Retinol (Vitamin A) • Only 1 hydroxyl group • Long polyalkene chain • Carbon ring and chain are non-polar • Influence solubulity more than OH group • Overall non-polar • Doesn’t dissolve in water • Fat soluble • Important for vision, particularly at low light intensity

7. Retinol (Vitamin A)

8. Calciferol (Vitamin D) • White powdery crystalline • Molecular Formula- C27H44O • Molar Mass- 384.64 g/mol • Chemical name (3β,5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol

9. Calciferol (Vitamin D) • 4 Hydrocarbon rings and alkane chain are non-polar • Only 1 hydroxyl group • Overall non-polar • Stimulates uptake of calcium ions by cells • Important in health of teeth and bones

10. Calciferol (Vitamin D)

11. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) • White/Yellow solid • Molecular Formula- C6H8O6 • Molar Mass- 176.12 g mol−1 • Chemical name 5R)-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one

12. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) • 4 hydroxyl groups • Several OH groups enable oxygen bonds to form with water • Ester bond within the ring • Polar due to hydroxyl groups • Easily dissolvable in water • Cofactor in some enzyme reactions • Important in tissue regeneration after injury • Helps give resistance to some diseases

13. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

14. Deduce whether a vitamin is water- or fat- soluble from its structure B.5.3

15. Fat soluble • Relatively non-polar • Consist mainly of hydrocarbons • Remember: • All Dogs Eat Kibbles

16. Water soluble • Have a high proportion of electronegative atoms • Water-Soluble Vitamins • B and C

17. Fat vs. water soluble • Water soluble • Excess of the vitamin will come out in urine • Fat soluble • Can cause sickness because it is stored in the body and not easily released

18. Vitamin A • Overall non-polar • not water soluble • Fat soluble • Consists mostly of hydrocarbons

19. Vitamin D • Overall non-polar • Not water soluble • Fat soluble • Consists mostly of hydrocarbons

20. Vitamin C • Polar • Water soluble • Hydroxyl group makes it overall electronegative

21. Discuss the causes and effects of nutrient deficiencies in different countries and suggest solutions B.5.4

22. Malnutrition • What causes malnutrition? • Lack of distribution of global resources • Depletion of nutrients in the soil and water cultures through soil erosion • Lack of education about, or understanding of the importance of a balanced diet • Over-processing food for transport and storage • Chemically treating foods during production

23. Micronutrient deficiencies • Anemia: iron deficiency • Necessary in binding oxygen to RBCs • Leads to hypoxia across the organ systems • Symptoms: skin and eyes begin to yellow, low blood pressure and muscular weakness, shortness of breath and dizziness • Treatment: eat cereal flours and milk products fortified with iron • Red meats, fish, poultry, lentils • Some fruits contain iron: green beans, potatoes, spinach, etc.

24. Micronutrient deficiencies • Goitre: iodine deficiency • Iodine is necessary in thyroxine, which regulate basal metabolic rates • Swelling of the thyroid gland • Can lead to swelling of the neck • Large goitres will result in difficulty with breathing and swallowing • Can lead to mental retardation in children • Treatment: seafood and some vegetables contain iodine • Iodized salt is specifically made to prevent having an iodine deficiency

25. Micronutrient deficiencies • Xerophthalmia: Vitamin A deficiency • The eye fails to produce tears • Leads to a dry conjunctiva, and can lead to corneal ulceration, night blindness, or blindness from corneal damage • Treatment: Vitamin A is fat-soluble, fatty staples such as margarine can be fortified • Sweet potatoes, carrots, dark leafy greens, and some squashes and melons are high in Vitamin A

26. Micronutrient deficiencies • Pellagra: niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency • Niacin is a precursor to NADH and NADPH, which are essential in cell metabolism • Four main indicators: diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, and death • Death occurs after 4-5 years if left untreated • Kashin-Beck disease: selenium deficiency • Symptoms: atrophy and degeneration of cartilage • Occurs in northern Russia and China where soil is selenium-deficient

27. Micronutrient deficiencies • Rickets: Vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorus, or calcium deficiency • All are necessary for bone formation/maintenance • Leads to bone fractures/deformity • Bone pain/tenderness • Skeletal deformities and dental problems • Muscle weakness and growth disturbances • Scurvy: ascorbic acid deficiency • Ascorbic acid is necessary to synthesize collagen • Symptoms: dark-spotted skin, bleeding gums, lowered resistance to infection • Can result in neuropathy or death

28. Micronutrient deficiencies • Beriberi: thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency • Thiamine is used in breaking down glucose • Symptoms: severe lethargy, complications to cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, and GI systems, weight loss, swollen limbs • Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency • Disease afflicting malnourished children • Symptoms: swollen feet, enlarged abdomen, thinning hair, dermatitis • Afflicted individuals cannot produce antibodies and can have lasting impacts on physical and mental growth, and can lead to death

29. Macronutrient deficiencies • Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency • Disease afflicting malnourished children • Symptoms: swollen feet, enlarged abdomen, thinning hair, dermatitis • Afflicted individuals cannot produce antibodies and can have lasting impacts on physical and mental growth, and can lead to death • Marasmus: protein deficiency • Found in infants when weaning or when a mother’s milk is reduced • Symptoms: failure to gain weight followed by weight loss and emaciation

30. Solutions • Add nutrients to their diets • Can be done through genetic modification to foods • Provide foods rich in vitamins and minerals • Fortify staple foods with micronutrients • Provide nutritional supplements in a variety of forms • Educate about balanced diets and the importance of personal responsibility in dietary choices

31. Genetically modified foods? • Genetically modified foods is controversial. People dislike that the food is being changed genetically, as it is “unnatural”, even though they are usually beneficial: • Pros • Products can last longer and can be grown in harsher environments/conditions • Products contain more nutrients, or nutrients they do not naturally contain • Cons • Possibility of people having allergic reactions (allergenicity) • May have different effects on human health