NPPTL Overview NPPTL/HELD Brainstorming Meeting July 26th, 2011

1. NPPTL Overview NPPTL/HELD Brainstorming Meeting July 26th, 2011

2. Outline • Organizational Structure • Current Focus Areas for PPT Program • Identification of Research Gaps • Examples of Recent NPPTL Innovations • Potential Areas for Future Innovation

3. Organization Structure

4. PPT Program Activities • Scientific evaluations • Program evaluations & assessments • Emergency response PPT Program Management Technology Evaluation Technology Research Policy & Standards Development Surveillance and Communications • Respiratory Protection • Protective Clothing & Ensembles • Integration of Sensors & Electronics • Human Performance • Enhancements to 42 CFR Part 84 • CBRN respirator standards development • Consensus standard development • Guidance Document Development • Outreach • Surveillance • Health Communications • Web management • Respirator Certification Program • Quality Audit Program • Certified Product Investigations • Long Term Field Evaluation Program

5. Current Focus Areas – Research & Standards Development

6. NIOSH PPT Program Relevance and Impact Mine Escape Issues • Respirator Certification • Mine Emergency Respirator • Investigations • New Technology Research • Escape Respirator Research • Escape Respirator • Standards • MSHA Collaboration CBRN Issues • Respirator Standards • Development • CBRN PPT Research • Respirator Certification • NFPA/IAFF Collaboration • TSWG IAA • OSHA Collaboration Pandemic Issues • N95 Respirator Research • Standards (Total Inward Leakage) • Respirator Certification • FDA Collaboration • National Academies Activities • Pandemic Planning & Response • Nanotechnology Issues • Filtration Research • Protective Clothing Research • Respirator Research • Respirator Certification • Workplace Guidance

7. NPPTL Technology Research Branch (TRB) Technical Areas • Respiratory Protection (RP) • Protective Clothing & Ensembles (PC&E) • Human Performance (HP) • Sensors & Electronics (S&E)

8. RP Research Areas • Aerosol/Filtration Studies • Nanoparticles / Bioaerosols • Respirator Fit Research • Facial anthropometrics • Frequency of fit testing • Workplace protection factor studies • Respirator fit test research • Respirator Comfort & Usability • Project BREATHE, novel respirator designs, test methods • Breathing gas chemistry • Respirator Performance & Usability Research • Performance against cough generated aerosols • PPE combinations • Respiratory Protection Effectiveness Clinical Trial (ResPECT) • Influenza Pandemic / HCW • Reuse/handling of contaminated FFRs s • Assessing modes of transmission (FY12 new start)

9. PC&E Research Areas • Ensembles & Integration Research • Mine Rescue Ensembles • Healthcare Worker Ensembles (FY12 new start) • Comparison of Ensemble Total Inward Leakage (TIL) Tests • Particle Penetration Measurements on PC&E • Chemical Protective Clothing • Cumulative Chemical Permeation Test Method Development • CPC Decontamination Efficacy • Firefighter PPE • Stored Thermal Energy Test Method • Firefighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program (FFFIPP) Turnout Gear & SCBA (FY12) Evaluations

10. HP Research Areas • Ensembles - Heat Stress/Ergonomics • Physiological Status Monitoring of Foresters • Validation of the Total Heat Loss (THL) test • Physiological Models, Test Methods, and Countermeasures • Project HEROES – Physiological/Ergonomic Evaluation of Firefighter PPE Prototype with Advanced CB Protection • Biomechanical and Physiological Study of Firefighter Boots • Respiratory Physiology – Comfort/Tolerability • Physiological Evaluation of FFRs, Elastomeric APRs, Air Fed Ensembles & PAPRs (e.g., deadspace CO2 and O2 levels)

11. S&E Research Areas • “Fully Integrated, Intelligent PPE Ensembles” – application of sensors and electronics to improve PPE • Develop/Integrate Chemical Sensors for Real-Time Determination of Respirator Cartridge Service Life (FY02 – FY10 research) • Respirator Cartridge End-of-Service Life Modeling (FY02 – FY10 research)

12. Standards Development Organizations (SDO) • National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) • Hazmat Response, Fire Fighting, Technical Rescue, EMS • ASTM International, F23 Committee on Protective Clothing and Equipment (ASTM) • Test Methods and PPE not covered elsewhere • National Institute of Justice (NIJ) • Body Armor, CBRN Protective Ensembles for Law Enforcement • International Organization for Standardization (ISO) • Global focus, One vote per country, Respiratory Protection, Eyewear • International Safety Equipment Association (ISEA) • High Visibility Apparel, Chemical Protective Equipment, Respiratory Protection • American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) • Textile test methods

13. 42 CFR Module Development Strategy

14. Identification of Research Gaps

15. Identification of Research Gaps • RAND Reports: Protecting Emergency Responders (2001) • BLS/NIOSH Respirator Use in Private Sector Firms, 2001 (2003) • Project HEROES: Hazards and Protection Needs (2003) • CDC Workshop on Respiratory Protection for Airborne Infectious Agents (2004) • CDC Fire Fighter Fully Integrated Intelligent Ensemble Program: Human Systems Integration (2005) • Protective Clothing & Ensembles Research Gaps Report (2006) • IOM Reusability of Facemasks Report (2006) • NA Measuring Respirator Use in the Workplace (2007) • IOM Assessment of the NIOSH Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey (2007) • IOM PPE for HCW Report (2008) • No Fit Test Respirator Workshop (2008) • IOM PPT Program Evaluation (2008) • IOM Certifying Personal Protective Technologies (2010) • IOM Preventing Transmission of PanFlu (2011)

16. Example NPPTL Innovations

17. Innovative Technology for PPT Magnetic Passive Aerosol Sampler for Particle Penetration 3-D Facial Anthropometry Ultrasound Leak Detection for Respirator Fit Leak Detection & Comfort Assessment Using an IR camera

18. Potential Innovations

19. National Academies’ PPT Program Evaluation Discussed Emerging Issues • Continue research in priority areas • New materials technology, including “no-fit test” respirators • PPT ensembles and seamless integration of multiple PPT components • Usability, comfort, ergonomics, and human factors which determine whether or not the PPE is worn by the worker • Enhancing the culture of workplace safety through worker education, training, and understanding of hazardous exposure risk to health • Other emerging issues

20. Some Trends and Challenges • PPE interfaces and integration • Certification of non-respiratory PPE • Comfort and fit of PPE • Intelligent PPE • Methods to extend the useful life of PPE

21. How can nature and science fiction be leveraged for future PPE designs? Photo Courtesy: Flickr.com Photo Courtesy: Photobucket.com Veronica 'Georgia Blue‘ Photo Courtesy: The Personal Garden Coach (Christina Salwitz) Photo Courtesy: UXmatters.com

22. PPE ensemble integration is a challenge • Need to demonstrate that PPE works together • Need to understand the impact on the NIOSH approval when respirators are used as part of an ensemble • Need to know what interface parameters affect performance

23. Human centered design approaches are needed • Design with personality and behaviors in mind • Reduce weight • Reduce heat stress • Improve usability and safety

24. Issues with comfort and fit • Users in multiple industry sectors indicate that PPE is not worn because it is uncomfortable • There is a resistance to respirator fit testing across multiple industry sectors • Sizing for population diversity is problematic

25. Courtesy of: Viramask New materials technologies will enhance comfort and fit • Shape memory polymers • Potential means to achieve improved comfort and fit • More breathable garment material • New no-fit test designs being explored

26. Geckos have microscopic hair-like surfaces on their feet Photo Courtesy: iStockphoto /Stephan Hoerold

27. Sensing technology for PPE is in its infancy • Current projects focused on end-of-service-life technology • Numerous sensing technologies developed • Tracking sensors • Monitoring sensors • Warning sensors

28. Intelligent PPE will be developed to inform users when PPE is no longer efficacious • End-of-service life • Remaining service life • Face-seal leak detection will warn users when seal is compromised

29. Yesterday’s science fiction… Photo Courtesy: UXmatters.com

30. Is tomorrow’s science… • Noninvasively measures oxygen consumption, blood and tissue chemistry • Let’s astronauts know when they are low on oxygen Photo Courtesy: National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), Luigi Piarulli

31. Methods to extend the useful life of PPE are needed • 90 million FFRs needed to support 42 day pandemic outbreak • 1.7 million healthcare-associated infections annually • Cause about 99,000 deaths • Cost from $35.7 to $45 billion in additional healthcare costs annually • $15,000 per incidence • Viruses may survive on FFRs long enough to present a fomite hazard

32. Unique surface pattern of Galapagos shark skin controls microorganism adhesion and growth Photos Courtesy: Sharklet Technologies, Inc.

33. Superhydrophobicity causes water to bead and pick up surface contaminants Photo Courtesy: GE Global Research Center Photo Courtesy: Sto Corp., Atlanta, GA Photo Courtesy: William Thielicke / w.th@gmx.de

34. Superhydrophobic legs enable mosquitoes and water striders to stand on water surfaces Photo Courtesy: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Photo Courtesy: CWES / Andrew Thornton

35. Geckos rely on their tails to maneuver themselves in midair when they fall Photo Courtesy: T. Libby & Robert Full / UC Berkeley

36. Can all PPE be made as comfortable, efficient, and effective to wear and as desirable as eyeglasses?

37. Quality Partnerships Enhance Worker Safety & Health Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy.