Organic Macromolecules/Polymers

1. Organic Macromolecules/Polymers Section 6.3

2. Carbon and it’s special properties

4. Carbon Bonding • Carbon is able to share up to 4 electrons with other elements • This means that it can make very long chains and complex compounds

5. Carbon Isomers • Carbon is abundant in every cell on Earth • It’s able to bond in many ways that can make a big difference • Isomers are molecules with identical molecular formulas but differ in arrangement of their atoms 

6. Types of compounds • Monomers • Mono = one • Composed of one single compound • Form together to make: • Polymers • Poly = many • Many monomers put together

7. Carbohydrates Carbo – hydrates Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

8. Sugars Monosaccharides Polysaccharides • One single sugar • A combination of the following chemical ratio: C:2H:O • Examples: • Glucose: C6H12O6 • Many sugars • Examples: • Starch • Cellulose • glycogen

9. Carbohydrates - Sugars • Uses: • Short-term storage of energy • Ex:carb-loading before a big sport event • Making and breaking polysaccharides • Hydrolysis • Uses water to split chemical bonds • Dehydration • Making something while losing water

10. Examples of polysaccharides • Starch- • Branched chains of glucose • Food storage in plants • Glycogen- • Highly branched chains of glucose • Food storage in animals • Cellulose • Long chains of glucose-like a chain link fence • Structural support • Cell walls

11. Cellulose revisited • Hard to digest: • Animals need help • From protists to • digest it

12. Lipids Fats! They’re not all bad, I swear! Made of Carbon, hydrogen, and less oxygen than carbs

13. Lipids • Uses: • Insulation • Construction of cell membranes • Steroids • Cholesterol • Long-term energy storage • Fats can store 2 times more energy than starch

14. Unsaturated Two Types Saturated • No Carbon-Carbon double bonds • Animal Fats • Solid at room temperature • Carbon-Carbon double bonds • Oils, nuts, avocados, • Liquid at room temperature

15. Cell Membranes • Create a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell • Allows materials to pass in and out • Hydrophilic • Water loving • Hydrophobic • Water hating • Lipids!

16. Nucleic Acids The heritable material in organisms

17. Nucleic Acids • Stores cellular information in codes • DNA and RNA • Composed of smaller units called nucleotides • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous

18. Nucleic Acids have three parts

19. RNA Two Types DNA • Passes from parent to offspring • Sugar – deoxyribose • Structure – double stranded • Carries the code for proteins • Needs directions in order to convert to proteins • Sugar – ribose • Structure – single stranded • Directly used to code for proteins

20. RNA and DNA • DNA • RNA

21. Proteins The building blocks of cells

22. Proteins • Structure: • Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur • Uses: • Structure (cell parts) • Enzymes • Metabolic processes • Cell signaling • Immune response • Cell adhesion • Cell cycle

23. Shape determines function • Made of amino acid monomers • There are 20 that make up all proteins on Earth • Joined together with peptide bonds • Their shape determines their function • 4 main shapes • Primary • Secondary • Alpha helix • Beta sheet • Tertiary • Quaternary

24. 20 Amino Acid Monomers

25. Protein Structures Hydrogen bond Pleated sheet Polypeptide (single subunit) Amino acid (a) Primary structure Hydrogen bond Alpha helix (c) Tertiary structure (b) Secondary structure (d) Quaternary structure

26. Four Types of Proteins Storage Structural Contractile Transport

27. Enzymes • Used to speed up reactions • Sometimes used to break down substances • Specific to a substrate • Enzymes will only work on their intended target

28. Enzyme + Substrate = Product

29. Where do we find these Organic Polymers? • Carbohydrates- • Breads, plants, sugar, starch • Lipids • Unsaturated • Oils, avocados • Saturated • Animal fats • Proteins • Muscles • Hair • Hooves • Fingernails • Horns