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MINAMATA, JAPAN

MINAMATA, JAPAN. April Banayan, Eli Lloyd, Jonathan Berger. MAP OF MINAMATA. Causes:. Cultural: Culturally dependent eating seafood Social: Seafood cheap and accessible to poor Japanese Physical: Minamata city’s Chisso Co. dumped toxic materials into the bay Methyl mercury chloride.

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MINAMATA, JAPAN

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  1. MINAMATA, JAPAN April Banayan, Eli Lloyd, Jonathan Berger

  2. MAP OF MINAMATA

  3. Causes: • Cultural: • Culturally dependent eating seafood • Social: • Seafood cheap and accessible to poor Japanese • Physical: • Minamata city’s Chisso Co. dumped toxic materials into the bay • Methyl mercury chloride

  4. Effect on Environment: • Death of fish • Mercury in sludge and ocean water • Water sources ruined

  5. Effects on Humans: • Disease of central nervous system (Minimata disease) • Mercury poisoning • 36.7 mortality rate • Loss of sensation and eventual death • Convulsions

  6. How did they fix the problem? • Kumamoto University began to research the disease • Found animals with same problems realized it dealt with food • Fish main diet traced back to ocean • Compensation of patients • Wastewater treatment

  7. Prevention • Prevention of Pollution-related Health Damage • Rules and regulations for pollution and dumping into the ocean • Companies like Chisso under more scrutiny

  8. Status • Water and food sources have been cleaned • Now facing pollution from other sources like nuclear reactors • Regulations placed on fishing industry

  9. The London Fog By: Ashley Aviram, Paul Park, DaniellaShoenburg

  10. The Great Smog of ‘52“Big Smoke”

  11. Why did this occur?!?!? • A mass of stagnant air had collected above the sky of London, trapping all the pollutants in the air • The cold weather present during that time meant millions of Londoners would be burning more coal than usual • Vehicle exhaust also contributed to the pollution, especially the diesel-fueled buses

  12. Environmental Effects :( • Poor visibility – people could not see past a few yards I cant see!!!!

  13. Effects on Humans :( • An estimated 12,000 people died • Most of the victims were young, old, or had had respiratory problems • About 25,000 people became ill

  14. Solutions?!?!?!?! • Luckily, a change of weather removed the stagnant air and the Big Smoke dispersed YAYYYYYYY!!!!!

  15. Prevention!! • New regulations were created to restrict the use of dirty fuels and black smoke • Clean Air Act of 1956 and 58 • banned emissions of black smoke • residents of urban areas and operators of factories must convert to smokeless fuels

  16. Currently? • The London Fog lasted only from 12/5/52 to 12/9/52, so it does not exist today  • Smog is also less prominent due to the new laws 

  17. Bibliography • http://www.environmentaltrends.org/single/article/flashback-air-quality-trends-before-1970.html • http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=873954 • http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/great_smog.html • http://www.nickelinthemachine.com/2008/11/a-proper-pea-souper-the-terrible-london-smog-of-1952/

  18. THREE MILE ISLAND By: Shawn Hakakian Jonny Lalezari David Hakakian

  19. Map of three mile island

  20. Sequence of Certain Events 1) EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS 2) DESIGN-RELATED PROBLEMS 3) WORKER ERRORS ALL LED TO MELTDOWN

  21. Causes FIRST FAILURES ON WEDNESDAY, MARCH 28, 1979 AT 4A.M. WATER PUMPS STOPPED WORKING. TURBINE AND REACTOR SHUT DOWN. PRESSURE INCREASE, PRESSURE VALVE OPENED COOLANT WATER POURS OUT , REACTOR OVERHEATS

  22. ENIVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS -Most radiation contained-Some radioactive gas released -Low radiation levels released-Water/plants cleaned

  23. EFFECT ON HUMANS DEATH TOLL: 0 2 MILLION PEOPLE, AFFECTED W/ ONLY 1 MILLIREM (RADIOACTIVITY) (A CHEST X-RAY IS 6 MILLIREMS) INCREASE IN PUBLIC FEAR AND DISTRESS NRC REGULATIONS BECAME BROADENED 5-mile radius cleared 10-mile radius, stay at home, windows closed.

  24. Problem Fixed -60 workers -Cooled it down, shut it off-High pressure water injection -Restarted one reactor coolant pump

  25. Prevention -Better operator training/ instruction.-Emergency preparedness-NRC public report requirement-Additional monitoring equipment -High standards by INPO

  26. Current Environmental Status - TMI-2 Reactor Permanently shut down-Radioactive water decontaminated-Waste/Debris shipped off-site.-Long term monitored storage-TMI-2 will run once TMI-1 plant operating license expires

  27. Bibliography -"Three Mile Island | TMI 2 |Three Mile Island Accident." World Nuclear Association | Nuclear Power - a Sustainable Energy Resource. Web. 06 Oct. 2011. <http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf36.html>. -"Three Mile Island: The Rest of the Story..." Potassium Iodide Pills Anti-Radiation Pill & Nuclear Emergency FAQ. Radiation Detectors, Meters, Geiger Counters & Potassium Iodine Iodate Pills. Web. 06 Oct. 2011. <http://www.ki4u.com/three_mile_island.htm>. -"NRC: Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island Accident." NRC: Home Page. Web. 06 Oct. 2011. <http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html>. -"A Nuclear Nightmare -- Printout -- TIME." Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews - TIME.com. Web. 06 Oct. 2011. <http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,920196,00.html>.

  28. Chernobyl, Ukraine Nuclear Disaster

  29. Maps hi Chernobyl nuclear power plant is located in Ukraine, 20km south of the border with Belarus.

  30. Causes Of Disaster 26 April 1986 • Caused by inexperienced staff working at the Chernobyl Power Plant • The staff wanted to test reactor 4 but another power plant went down • The Chernobyl plant had to produce more power than it was supposed to so it could compensate • The night staff who were less experienced thought they could test the reactor, but did not know that you couldn’t test while it was producing double the power • The emergency shutdown mechanism couldn’t stop the plant, and their Geiger counters weren’t advanced enough to tell them how high the radiation levels were • The crew stayed 3 days after the explosion not knowing the high radiation levels, as they were attempting to pump water into the reactor to control it

  31. Effect Of Disaster On The Environment • Largest uncontrolled radioactive release in environment residentially and large amounts of radioactive substances released into the air • Deposited in the urban areas near the power plant • The deposition of radioactive iodine contaminated agricultural plants, grazing animals • Particularly contaminated mushrooms and berries • Radioactive materials from Chernobyl deposited on rivers, lakes and some water reservoirs • The radioactive materials released by the accident had immediate harmful effects on plants and animals living within 20 to 30 km of the Chernobyl power plant

  32. Effect Of Disaster On Humans • The current death toll =1 million people • Around 1800 children ages 0 to 14 were diagnosed with Thyroid Cancer • Up to 2.4 million Ukrainians had negative effects on their health • Explosion effected all of Europe • Higher rates of Birth defects have been linked to disaster

  33. What Is Being Done To Fix This Problem? • During the first years, settlements in contaminated regions of the USSR were cleaned up at a very high cost • In order to reduce long term contamination of milk and meat with radioactive cesium, the animals were fed crops that would trap the radioactive chemicals • Between May and November 1986, a Shelter was built to contain the damaged reactor to prevent further release • The overall plan for the long term development of the Exclusion Zone is to make the less affected areas available for use by the public.

  34. Prevention Of Future Disasters • The Soviet Union and, later, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) spent large amounts of money to deal with clean-up and repair. • To prevent the release of more radiation a Shelter was quickly built to contain the damaged reactor. (Problems become apparent with the first shelter and a new “more durable” shelter is being built.) • New Safe Confinement (NSC) should provide more than 100 years of service life and is planned to cover over the existing Shelter.

  35. Current Environmental Status Of Area • Large amounts of radioactive waste was generated and placed in temporary near-surface waste storage and disposal facilities. • An “exclusion Zone” was created extending up to 30 km in all directions around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. • Restrictions have been placed on fresh water, hunting, and forest products (berries, mushrooms, and firewood) in the areas surrounding Chernobyl. • Since the disaster, the radiation levels have reduced significantly, but are still very high. • Although some animals have returned, very few people go there.

  36. Sources • "Causes of the Chernobyl Disaster | Chernobyl-Disaster.com." The Chernobyl Disaster | Chernobyl-Disaster.com. Http://www.chernobyl-disaster.com/. Web. 04 Oct. 2011. <http://chernobyl-disaster.com/causes-of-chernobyl-disaster.php>. • "Chernobyl Global Radiation Patterns." Web. 04 Oct. 2011. <http://users.owt.com/smsrpm/Chernobyl/glbrad.html>. • Fernandez, Marisa. "Scientific Facts on the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident." Green Facts - Facts on Health and the Environment. Green Facts' Scientific Board, 12 Apr. 2006. Web. 04 Oct. 2011. <http://www.greenfacts.org/en/chernobyl/index.htm>. • Preuss, Simone. "Chernobyl 1984-2009: Then and Now | Environmental Graffiti." Popular | Environmental Graffiti. Environmentalgraffiti. Web. 04 Oct. 2011. <http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/featured/chernobyl-then-now/14634>. • "WHO | Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident: an Overview." Www.who.int. World Health Organization, Apr. 2006. Web. 04 Oct. 2011. <http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs303/en/index.html>.

  37. Hiroshima, Japan By: NatanDorenbaum, Andrew Loewy, Jacob Roeder, Jack Wagner

  38. Map and General Area • Capital of Hiroshima Prefecture • First city destroyed by nuclear bomb

  39. Causes (Why Hiroshima?) • Was a major army depot and port in an urban industrial area • US believed that the bomb would save more lives than destroy than if their was a full invasion • Large part of city would be effected

  40. Effects On The Environment • Air pollution from radioactive debris • Water sources were pollutedby radioactive particles • Agricultural production was damaged • Soil polluted and ruined • Dead stalks of rice could be found up to 7 miles from ground zero

  41. Effects On Humans • Wiped out 90% of Hiroshima • 100,000 people immediately killed • Between 100,000-200,000 people died in all from both immediate death and radiation sickness later on • Hair loss, nose bleeds, fever, nausea, death, etc. • Feelings of fear, confusion, and hatred

  42. What is Being Done to Fix the problem? • Hiroshima was rebuilt after the war • Proclaimed a city of peace • Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction law was passed and provided financial assistance for reconstruction • “Atomic Dome” is the closest building to ground zero that survived and became the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park Atomic Dome

  43. Prevention • International Atomic Energy Agency established to encourage peaceful applications of nuclear tech • Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty prohibits all testing of nuclear weapons International Atomic Energy Agency Symbol

  44. Environmental Status • Background radiation now at normal levels • Population today-about 1.12 million • City was rebuilt and is a major urban center • Now one of Japans largest supplier of nuclear power… how ironic

  45. Bibliography Works Cited "Environmental Effects of War." Water Treatment and Purification - Lenntech. Web. 06 Oct. 2011. <http://www.lenntech.com/environmental-effects-war.htm>. "Hiroshima, 64 Years Ago - The Big Picture - Boston.com." Boston.com - Boston, MA News, Breaking News, Sports, Video. Web. 06 Oct. 2011. <http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/08/hiroshima_64_years_ago.html>. "Hiroshima Plant | Environmental Conservation | Elpida Memory." Elpida Memory, Inc. Web. 06 Oct. 2011. <http://www.elpida.com/en/environment/hiroshima.html>. "Nuclear Files: Timeline of the Nuclear Age: 1945." Nuclear Files - From Nuclear Proliferation to Nuclear Testing, from Hiroshima to North Korea, Nuclear Files Offers the A to Z on Nuclear Issues. Web. 06 Oct. 2011. <http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/timeline_page.php?year=1945>.

  46. Kill a Sparrow Campaign Presented by: Rebecca Nourafshan, AriellaMahgerefteh, and Ashley Emrani

  47. Map of China China was the country which was affected by the “Kill a Sparrow Campaign”

  48. Causes of Disaster • Initiated in 1958 as a hygiene campaign by Mao Zedong • Zedong identified the need to exterminate mosquitoes, flies, rats, and sparrows • Tried increasing rice yields • Culturally influenced by TVB drama series Rosy Business • -peasant came up with idea of killing sparrows to improve agricultural output

  49. Effects of Disaster on Environment • Increase in insects and worms since their predators (sparrows) died off • One of China’s greatest locus invasions of history • Crops died from being eaten by an abundant amount of pesticides

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