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TOPIC 6.0

TOPIC 6.0. LINUX NETWORKING. Internet Protocol ( IP) in UDP/IP and TCP/IP. IP is the network layer packet delivery service (host-to-host). translation between different data-link protocols. IP DATAGRAMS. IP provides connectionless, unreliable delivery of IP datagrams .

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TOPIC 6.0

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  1. TOPIC 6.0 LINUX NETWORKING

  2. Internet Protocol (IP) in UDP/IP and TCP/IP • IP is the network layer • packet delivery service (host-to-host). • translation between different data-link protocols.

  3. IP DATAGRAMS • IP provides connectionless, unreliable delivery of IP datagrams. • Connectionless: each datagram is independent of all others. • Unreliable: there is no guarantee that datagrams are delivered correctly or at all.

  4. IP ADDRESSES • IP is a network layer - it must be capable of providing communication between hosts on different kinds of networks (different data-link implementations). • The address must include information about what network the receiving host is on. • This makes routing feasible.

  5. IP ADDRESSES • IP addresses are logical addresses (not physical) • 32 bits. • Includes a network ID and a host ID. • Every host must have a unique IP address. • IP addresses are assigned by a central authority (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers -- ICANN)

  6. SERVICES PROVIDED BY IP • Connectionless Delivery (each datagram is treated individually). • Unreliable (delivery is not guaranteed). • Fragmentation / Reassembly (based on hardware MTU). • Routing. • Error detection.

  7. IP DATAGRAM FRAGMENTATION • Each fragment (packet) has the same structure as the IP datagram. • IP specifies that datagram reassembly is done only at the destination (not on a hop-by-hop basis). • If any of the fragments are lost - the entire datagram is discarded (and an ICMP message is sent to the sender).

  8. UDP (USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL) • UDP is a transport-layer protocol • communication between processes • UDP uses IP to deliver datagrams to the right host.

  9. PORTS • UDP/IP uses an abstract destination point called a protocol port. • Ports are identified by a positive integer. • Operating systems provide some mechanism that processes use to specify a port.

  10. PORTS Host A Host B Process Process Process Process Process Process

  11. Source Port Destination Port Length Checksum Data UDP Features • Datagram Delivery • Connectionless • Unreliable • Half-duplex UDP Datagram Format

  12. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) • TCP is an alternative transport layer protocol supported by TCP/IP. • TCP provides: • Byte-Stream • Connection-oriented • Reliable • Full-duplex

  13. TCP vs. UDP Q: Which protocol is better ? A: It depends on the application. TCP provides a connection-oriented, reliable byte stream service (lots of overhead). UDP offers minimal datagram delivery service (as little overhead as possible).

  14. IPX / SPX • Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange • networks using the Novell NetWare OS. • IPX is a network layer protocol • SPX is a transport layer protocol • IPX having similarities to IP • SPX having similarities to TCP

  15. IPX / SPX (cont..) • Novell's UnixWare supported IPX/SPX natively. • Open Enterprise Server – Linux: does not support IPX/SPX (have to use an additional software package) • Open source FreeBSD OS includes an IPX/SPX stack

  16. AppleTalk • proprietary suite of protocols developed by Apple Inc. • included in the original Macintosh released in 1984. • corresponds closely to the Network layer

  17. NETWORKING MODEL FOR AppleTalk

  18. DLC (Down able Contents) • is a form of digital media distributed through the Internet. • used to refer specifically to content created for video games that is released separately from the main video game release. • Or used to refer to any type of digital entertainment media distributed online. • allowed users to download games using a telephone line or over the cable line.

  19. DECnet • a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation • 1975 - peer-to-peer network architectures (built for 4 layers) • 1980 - transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse • 1982 - evolved into a 7 layer OSI compliant networking protocol • 2010 - an open-source version has been developed for the Linux OS. DECnet code has been embedded in the Linux kernel

  20. DECnet PHASE IV PROTOCOL SUITE

  21. NIC (Network Interface Card) • is a hardware device that handles an interface to a computer network • allows a network-capable device to access that network. • has a ROM chip that contains a MAC Address • exists on the Data Link Layer of the OSI model

  22. NIC (Network Interface Card) • 4 techniques NIC used to transfer data: • Polling (microprocessor examines the status of the peripheral under program control) • Programmed I/O (microprocessor alerts the designated peripheral by applying its address to the system's address bus) • Interrupt-driven I/O (peripheral alerts the microprocessor that it's ready to transfer data) • DMA (intelligent peripheral assumes control of the system bus to access memory directly - removes load from the CPU but requires a separate processor on the card)

  23. COMMANDS… • ping • ifconfig • dhclient

  24. ping COMMAND • is a computer network administration utility used to test the reach ability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network • to measure the round-trip time for messages sent from the originating host to a destination computer. • operates by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request packets • Used as a tool to troubleshoot problems in an IP network.

  25. ifconfig COMMAND • short for interface configuration • It is a system administration utility in Unix-like operating systems to configure, control, and query TCP/IP network interface parameters • originally appeared in 4.2BSD as part of the BSD TCP/IP suite. • setting an interface's IP address and netmask, and disabling or enabling a given interface • to display and analyze network interface parameters.

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