Imperialism

1. Imperialism

2. What is imperialism? • The policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political control over other nations

3. In 19th c, a new phase of western expansion began into Asia and Africa • Sources of industrial raw materials • Market for Western manufactured goods • Before this, Europe had been content with a few trading posts

4. Social Darwinism • Survival of the fittest in a societal sense • Justifies racist attitudes • Racism • The belief that race determines the basic traits and capabilities of the individual members of the race

5. Motives for European colonization • Political • Economic • Exploratory • Religious • ideological

6. The Berlin Conference • Because of the size, climate, resources and strategic importance, Africa became prime candidate for conquest • European countries had to establish rules for colonizing in order to avoid constant bloodshed

7. Berlin Conference, cont. • Conference held in Berlin between Nov. 15, 1884 and November 26, 1885 • 12 European nations attended, along with the Ottoman Empire and the United States • Supposed to talk about ending the slave trade and humanitarian efforts in Africa

8. Berlin Conference, cont. • Berlin Act: effective control of Africa by European powers; less bloodshed on Europe’s part • Article 34: spheres of influence doctrine • Article 35: doctrine of effective occupation

9. The British • Cecil Rhodes • “I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit, the better . . .” • In 1880, only small part of Africa was colonized • By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent • Zulu Nation had been strong independent nation in the south that was eventually defeated by the British

10. Scramble for Africa • European powers divided up the continent • New Imperialism • Worked to directly govern large areas occupied by non-European people • Driven by economics, politics, and cultural motives

11. Economic Interests • Drive for imperialism came from ambitious individuals and not just countries • Had benefited from slave trade • Also looked to Africa as a source for raw materials

12. Livingstone and Stanley • David Livingstone: Scottish explorer • Arrived in Africa in 1841, died in 1873 • Henry Stanley: English writer • Sent to find Livingstone • Wanted British settlement in Congo River basin; turned to Belgian King Leopold II

13. Boer War • 1899-1902 • Between Britain and Boers (descendants of original Dutch settlers in 17thc. • Orange Free State and the Transvaal • Cecil Rhodes wanted to overthrow them (had claimed area of Rhodesia and wanted to expand) • War breaks out • Union of South Africa established

14. Political Competition • Imperialism in Africa reflected struggles for power in Europe • One power would expand, another would expand to block them • Everyone wants to participate to assert dominance on the global political scene

15. Cultural Motives? • Social Darwinism • White Man’s Burden

16. Suez Canal • Ottoman Empire initially controlled area of Egypt • Muhammad Ali set up strong independent state that became modernized and industrialized on a small scale • Canal seemed lucrative • Completed in 1869 • Linked Mediterranean with Red Sea • Britain took major interest in canal – lifeline to India • Eventually, Britain took over the Suez Canal and Egypt became a protectorate of the British Empire

17. Imperialism in India • Why the switch from trade relations to governing territories? • Didn’t want other European nations taking land • Feared that indigenous peoples would want a say in economic situation

18. Indirect rule: local rulers are allowed to maintain their position of authority • Benefit: convenient and cost effective • Direct rule: local officials removed from power and replaced with a new set of officials from the mother country

19. The British in India • New technologies made colonizing easier • Steam-powered gunboats • Repeating rifles • Machine guns • Asia and Africa weapons makers could not match European technology

20. The British in India • Early British imperialism in India was carried out by the British East India Trading Company • Early on, was limited to coastal trade • Mughal Empire broke apart into smaller states and the BEIC saw its chance to take over • Claimed it had to restore order

21. BEIC • Introduced new changes • Education system • English • Missionaries • Banned sati • Relationship b/w British and Indians became strained – thought British were trying to destroy Indian customs and religion

22. Sepoy Mutiny • Sepoy: Indian soldier who fought in the British army • Trouble began when British adopted a new rifle • Bite off cartridge end – greased with animal fat • Hindu = no beef • Muslim = no pig • Rose up against British • Both sides committed atrocities • Fighting lasted about 2 years

23. Results of Mutiny • Queen Victoria ended the rule of the BEIC in 1858 • British Crown ruled India directly • Distrust still lingered • British Viceroy-still had more contact with Britain than with Indians who lived in close proximity

24. India was considered the “Crown Jewel” • Most British thought they were superior • Segregated neighborhoods & clubs • Thought India was incapable of governing itself • British Raj (rule) • Indian Civil Service (ICS): British administration in India

25. Life under the British Raj • Built railroads, roads and canals • By 1910, India had 4th largest railroad system in world • India important market for British goods • Raw materials: cotton, tea, indigo • Devastated India’s textile industry

26. Rise of Indian Nationalism • Indians had basically no power to influence gov’t decisions • Educated groups frustrated at lack of opportunities • Reformers like Ram Mohun Roy and Mohandas Gandhi said Indians had rights • Indian National Congress-1885 • Radicals: boycott British goods • Muslim League-1906

27. Imperialism in Latin America • Old imperialism

29. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

30. Latin AmericanRevolutions Mexico – Miguel Hidalgo Haiti – Toussaint-Louverture Argentina – Jose de San Martin Venezuela – Simon Bolivar

31. Latin America after the revolutions Caudillos – strong leader, usually ruling with the support of the military Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna  - Mexico Benito Juarez  - Mexico Trade – dominated by Britain; US (economic colony rather than political one) Monroe Doctrine – DON’T touch Latin American independence

32. The Panama Canal US gained control of a strip of land in Panama Built the Panama Canal eliminated 7,700 miles from the sea voyage between New York City and San Francisco yellow fever and malaria

33. Imperialism in Southeast Asia • European powers invaded the Pacific Rim • Britain: Malaysia, Burma, Singapore • Netherlands: Indonesia • France: Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)

34. Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts • Excellent for plantation agriculture

35. Dutch Imperialism • Oil, tin, rubber • Moved there and lived IMPACT OF COLONIZATION • Set up rigid social class system

36. British Imperialism • Competed with the Dutch • Tin, rubber – Singapore • Immigration policy IMPACT OF COLONIZATION • Racial conflict: Malay minority v. Chinese majority

37. French Imperialism • Been in area since 1600s IMPACT OF COLONIZATION • No encouragement of local industry • Direct colonial management • paternalism

38. American Imperialism • Lands claimed: Hawaii, Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico IMPACT OF COLONIZATION • Economic exploitation • Modernization

39. Results of Colonization • Modernization helps European businesses • Education, health, and sanitation improve • Millions migrate to find work • Racial and religious clashes increase

40. Independence • Siam (Thailand) remains independent