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Mammals: Mus musculus Homo sapiens

Mammals: Mus musculus Homo sapiens. Close Genomic Relationships. 2.5Gb, 20 chromosomes ~20,500 genes. 3Gb, 23 chromosomes ~20,500 genes. Eukaryotic Branch of the Tree of Life. The Mouse Trap (Trans-species Enhancer Trapping). Fertilization. Zona Pellucida. Pronuclei. Vitelline Layer.

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Mammals: Mus musculus Homo sapiens

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  1. Mammals:Mus musculusHomo sapiens

  2. Close Genomic Relationships 2.5Gb, 20 chromosomes ~20,500 genes 3Gb, 23 chromosomes ~20,500 genes Eukaryotic Branch of the Tree of Life

  3. The Mouse Trap(Trans-species Enhancer Trapping)

  4. Fertilization Zona Pellucida Pronuclei Vitelline Layer ART Cinema

  5. Cleavage PGD Morula

  6. Compaction Embryo Sheds the ZP

  7. Implantation of the Blastocyst (Blastula) Epiblast develops into embryonic body Amniotic cavity develops here

  8. First Endoderm Then Mesoderm Leaving Ectoderm Gastrulation "It is not birth, marriage, or death, but gastrulation, which is truly the most important time in your life.” - Lewis Wolpert (1986) cilia, microfilaments and nuclei Hensen’s Node

  9. The Layered Embryo

  10. Regulatory Conversations

  11. Forming the Vertebrate:Neurulation and Somitogenesis

  12. Hox Expression Patterns the A-P axis Hoxb1 Hoxb4 Hoxb9

  13. Morphogenesis at the Movies Mouse Human

  14. Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny Flip-book Pharyngula Stage Human

  15. Human FGF Signaling Mutations

  16. Limb Development Flip-book Apical ectodermal ridge (FGF) Progress zone (RA) Zone of polarizing activity (SSH) Hox genes Segment identity RA

  17. Shaping Limbs

  18. Shaping the Skeleton

  19. Stem Cells

  20. Embryonic Stem Cells

  21. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (“Cloning”) Hello Dolly!

  22. Reprogramming Development

  23. A Few Questions for Thought: • In what ways does comparative genomics offer us a window onto understanding life? • Discuss the roles of stem cells in development and maintenance of multicellular organisms (plants as well as animals) • Compare and contrast mammalian gastrulation with the development of the other model metazoa that we have considered. • Describe, in a “big picture” way, the process of neurulation in vertebrates. • Recapitulate the complex interplay of mosaic and regulatory mechanisms in metazoan development. • How has evolution morphed simpler embryos into more complex body plans by enriching the content of regulomes and signal transduction pathways?

  24. Coda I thank all of you for the effort you continue to put into studying biological systems, into seeing the inner beauty of the cells and organisms with whom we share this planet. It has been my special privilege to be your guide. May what you have learned in this text push you to question, to pursue new knowledge and understanding, and to find the answers to life’s most interesting questions. And always remember to take time to smell the flowers! - Karl Johnson, Professor of Biology, Haverford College

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