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CHP.-1.REPRODUCION IN ORGANISMS. CLASS- XII. Life span – The period from birth to natural death of an organism. Reproduction – a biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones similar to itself. Types of reproduction –
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CHP.-1.REPRODUCION IN ORGANISMS CLASS- XII
Life span– The period from birth to natural death of an organism. • Reproduction– a biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones similar to itself. • Types of reproduction– • Asexual reproduction– offspring is produced by a single parent with or without formation of gametes. • Sexual reproduction– When two parents participate in reproductive process & also involve fusion of male & female gametes.
Asexual reproduction • Budding in Yeast
Sexual reproduction • Events in sexual reproduction – 1.Pre-fertilisation events– (i) Gametogenesis (ii) Gamete transfer 2. Fertilisation 3.Post-fertilisation events– (i) Zygote (ii) Embryogenesis
Pre-fertilisation events • 1.Gametogenesis • It is the process of formation of male & female gametes. • Homogametes– morphologically similar. • Heterogametes– morphologically different.
Bisexual– male & female reproductive structures in the same plant.(Homothallic & Monoecious ). • Unisexual– male & female reproductive structures on different plants. (Heterothllic & Dioecious). • Gametes are haploid. • In diploid organisms specialised cells called meiocytes ( gamete mother cell ) undergo meiosis.
2.Gamete transfer– • In most of the organisms male gamete is motile & the female gamete is stationary. • In aquatic plants gamete transfer takes place through Water. • Male gametes are produced in very large number because a large number of male gametes are lost during transport.
3. Fertilisation– • Fusion of gametes is known as syngamy which results in the formation of Zygote. • External fertilisation– syngamy occurs outside the body of the organism. Eg. Algae, Fishes, Amphibians. • Internal fertilisation– syngamy occurs inside the body of organism. Eg. Reptiles, Birds, Mammals, most of the plants.
Post-fertilisation events • 1. The Zygote • 2. Embryogenesis • It is the process of development of embryo from the Zygote. • Zygote undergo cell division (Mitosis) & cell differentiation. Oviparous animals–lay eggs Eg. Reptiles, birds. Viviparous animals- zygote develop into a young one inside the body of female organism.