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The End of Empire

The End of Empire. Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High. India. After WWII, Asian nations seek independence Winston Churchill suspends self-rule initiatives Succeeded by Labor PM Clement Attlee Attlee more inclined toward dismantling empire

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The End of Empire

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  1. The End of Empire Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High

  2. India • After WWII, Asian nations seek independence • Winston Churchill suspends self-rule initiatives • Succeeded by Labor PM Clement Attlee • Attlee more inclined toward dismantling empire • As India moves closer toward independence, communalism on the rise • Communalism stresses religious rather than national identity (Great Calcutta Killing) • Nehru and Gandhi against partition of India • August 15, 1947: India and Pakistan created, freed • Gandhi predicts “rivers of blood,” refugees migrate • Rivalries build between the two states • Indian independence inspires movements elsewhere • Nonaligned Movement: resists picking sides in Cold War

  3. 1947: Partition of British India

  4. Vietnam • Vietnam fights post-war France for independence • The United States supported French claim to colonies • Vietnamese Nationalist leader, Ho Chi Minh, leads communist Viet Minh against France • Issues Vietnamese Declaration of Independence • China sends military aid to Viet Minh • 1954: Viet Minh defeat French at Dienbienphu • The Geneva Conference • Partitioning of Vietnam along seventeenth parallel • North Vietnam: Communist with capital at Hanoi • South Vietnam: non-communist with capital at Saigon • Ngo Dinh Diem: president of South Vietnam with U.S. support • Diem’s cruel rule unpopular among Vietnamese in south • 1960: National Liberation Front (NLF) fights against Diem’s forces • Buddhists practice self-immolation

  5. French Indochina

  6. War in Vietnam • Dwight D. Eisenhower applies Domino Theory • Kennedy also applies theory, increases aid to Diem • President Johnson increases direct U.S. involvement • Fight NLF “Viet Cong” in south, bomb the north • Ho Chi Minh patiently fights against foreign influence—war of attrition • Support for war declines in the U.S. • President Nixon calls for vietnamization • Replacing of American forces with South Vietnamese • Opens dialogue with Soviets and Chinese • 1973: Paris Peace Accords • Northern forces defeat the South in 1975 • Reunification of Vietnam in 1976

  7. Israel/Palestine • Under mandate system, British made conflicting promises to Palestinian Arabs and Jewish migrants • 1917: Zionist Balfour Declaration lends British support • European Jews seek homeland, protection • Zionism gains steam across Europe • Britain allows migration of settler Jews to Palestine • British limit Jewish migration to Palestine • Promise to protect Palestinian rights • Pan-Arab Nationalism grows in opposition to Zionism • After Holocaust, Zionist commitment increases in Jews • 1945: Violent Jewish resistance to Palestinian and British rule—King David Hotel bombing of 1946 • 1947: Britain hands Palestine over to United Nations • Partition of Palestine into two states, Jewish and Arab • Civil War erupts, Palestinians see partition as unacceptable • 1948: Jewish forces proclaim creation of State of Israel • Series of conflicts helps Israel expand territory

  8. Egypt • Egypt leads Arab world against Israel • 1952: Egyptian military ousts King Farouk • Gamal Abdel Nasser and Egyptian military in power • Eschew democracy and constitutional government • Suppress communists and Muslim Brotherhood • 1954: Nasser names self prime-minister • Militarization and industrialization • Nasser sees Cold War alliances as new imperialism • Joins Nehru’s nonaligned movement • Condemns Baghdad Pact • Gets assistance from both U.S. and Soviets • Sends aid to Algerians fighting French • Opposes Israel as a settler colony of Europeans • Abolished British military control of Suez Canal

  9. Africa • 1954: French begin to fight for control of Algeria • 1954-1960: Most other French African colonies freed • French fight the Front de LibérationNationale (FNL) • 1955: FNL moves into urban areas, France sends troops • 1962: Algeria gains independence, Frantz Fanon writes • 1960: The Year of Africa • African elites form cultural and political institutions • 1957: Ghana gains independence from Britain • Kwame Nkrumah becomes leader, African symbol • Non-violence and mass action • Kenya fights for independence, bloody conflict • South Africa’s apartheid regime • 1948: Afrikaner National Party comes to power • Creates racially segregated society • African National Congress fights for equality • 1989: F. W. de Klerk negotiates transition with Nelson Mandela

  10. Communist China • Mao Zedong’s CCP reunifies China • China emulates Soviet style Five Year Plans in 1955 • Build infrastructure and heavy industry • Collectivization of agricultural lands • Women’s rights • The Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) • Failed attempt to overtake other economies by collectivization of entire economy • The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) • Targeted teachers, artists, elites, professionals • Many beaten, jailed, killed by young zealots, damages unity • Deng Xiaoping succeeds Mao in 1981 • Opens trade with West, undoes some of Mao’s ideas • Tiananmen Square

  11. Indian Democracy • 1966: Indira Gandhi is leader of Congress Party • Serves as prime minister 1966-1977, 1980-1984 • Institutes Green Revolution • Experiences challenges in keeping India united • Sectarian violence • Out of control birth rates • Government sterilization programs • Amritsar genocide of Sikhs • Gandhi assassinated by Sikh bodyguards in 1984 • Rajiv Gandhi takes power in 1985, assassinated in 1991

  12. The Middle East • 1970: Rise of Islamism and Pan-Arab Nationalism • Many Muslims lament loss of Islamic values, sharia • Rise of Pan-Islamic unity, extremism • Western social norms blamed for decline of Islamic societies, secularization, political failures • Anger directed toward Europe and the United States • Extremists use concept of jihad to legitimize terrorism • The Iranian Revolution • U.S. support of Shah Pahlavi militarizes Iran • Oil money helps Iran industrialize, Islamism on the rise • Many resent influence of foreign oil companies, gov’ts • Students, small business owners, liberal politicians oppose Shah • Ayatollah Khomeini leads Islamic Revolution in 1979 • Revolution strongly anti-American • Iraq’s Saddam Hussein invades Iran to take advantage • Iraq-Iran War lasts until 1988

  13. Argentina • Transformation of pampas to farmlands • Controlled by oligarquia with government support • European upper-class creates urban culture in Buenos Aires, support British business • European & American goods make up most manufactured goods in Argentina, railroads speak English • 1920s: HipolitoIrigoyen elected president • Increased ties and trade with US and Europe • Rapid industrialization, prosperity • Series of military coups ends with Juan Peron’s rise • At first creates Nazi inspired fascist/military government • After Nazi’s lose, Peron reinvents his politics • Eva Duarte Peron’s championing of the descamisados • 1946: Perons establish populist dictatorship

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