The Ottoman Empire and its End

1. The Ottoman Empire and its End SS7H2 The student will analyze continuity and change in Southwest Asia (Middle East) leading to the 21st century. a. Explain how European partitioning in Southwest Asia (Middle East) after the breakup of the Ottoman Empire led to regional conflict.

2. Beginnings • The Ottoman Empire began in 1299 in Turkey • Osman a Turkish warrior was Muslim and had followers called Ottomans. • Osman conquered the last of the Byzantines and the Ottoman Empire began. • Osman became the first Sultan

3. Growth • By 1451 the Ottomans controlled much of the Middle East. • Constantinople was its capital and a center of learning and culture. • By 1500 they controlled the eastern Mediterranean, Northern Africa, and parts of Arabia.

4. Suleyman ruled from 1520 to 1566 and became known as the greatest ottoman ruler.

6. Decline • After Suleyman’s death the empire began to decline over the next 300 years. • It would gain and lose territory over those 300 years. • By the 20th century it was weak and became known as the Sick man of Europe. • Ottoman Issuance of Fetva- Document November 1914

7. The Ottoman Empire in 1914 was commonly known as The Ottoman Empire in 1914 was commonly known as 'the sick man of Europe', a sign that the once-great power was crumbling. The Turks had dominated the Eastern Mediterranean for half a millennium, controlling vast swathes of Central Europe, Arab lands as far down as Egypt and had at one stage been knocking on the doors of Vienna and Venice. By the 20th century all that remained in Ottoman hands outside Turkey was Syria, Mesopotamia, Palestine and parts of the Arabian Peninsula.

8. The End • During World War I the Ottomans sided with the Central powers • The British overtook Jerusalem and Baghdad from the Ottomans • Arabia then followed and rose up against the Ottoman rule • By 1918 the empire collapsed

10. After WWI • In 1920, the Treaty of Sevres split the Ottoman territory up between the Allied or Western powers. • France was given Syria and Lebanon • The British controlled Palestine and Iraq • Turkey was independent.

11. Consequences • The Ottomans fought on the losing side during WWI which led to the division of former territories between France and Britain • Europeans did not take into account religious and ethnic differences when creating the boundaries for the new countries. • As a result there has been a lot of conflict.