Language Learning with Technology

1. Language Learning with Technology Lecture: Week 4SKBP1023

2. Table of Content • History of Technology and Language Learning • Behaviourist Approach • AudioLingual Approach • Cognitive Approach • Sociocognitive Approach • Constructivist Learning • Natural Approach • Task Based Approach

3. Table of Content • Current Technologies with Language Learning • Communicative CALL • Benefits from Learning Writing with Technologies • Computer Assisted Language Learning Benefits • Criticisms of Technologies in Language Education • Open Courseware

4. History of Technology and Language Learning • Phonograph, Audio Tape, Telephone • Radio, Television • Language Laboratories • Teaching Machine • Overhead projector • Computer Software • Multimedia Software • Internet Web Era

5. Behaviourist Approach • Based on behaviourist theory with the principles of operant conditioning, i.e. a learning that involved rewards and punishments. • Skinner built a rote and drill teaching machine in 1958, which presented programmed instruction and provided feedbacks to students with correct answers.(Clark, D. 1999) • Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) • PLATO • BYKI http://www.byki.com/lists/Japanese/Meeting-and-Greeting-1.html Clark, D. (1999) A Time Capsule of Training and Learning

6. AudioLingual Approach • ‘Audiolingual Method’ focuses on phonological and accurate speech. • Grammatical accuracy is less emphasized with this method. (p.116-117) • This method has its roots in behaviourism. The procedure emphasizes language habit forming with imitation and repetition. • Students’ pronunciation and fluency is achieved by listening to dialogue repeatedly and memorization is encouraged. Cerezal Sierra, F. (1995) Foreign Language Teaching Methods:Some Issues and New Moves. Universided de Alcalá

7. Cognitive Approach • The cognitive approach to communicative language teaching is based on the view that learning a language is an unique psycholinguistic process. • Text-reconstruction Software • NewReader, Text Tanglers • Concordancing Software • AntConc • Multimedia Simulation Software • Philippe Warschauer, M. and Meskill, C. (2000) Technology and Second Language Teaching and Learning. in J. Rosenthal (ed) Handbook of Undergraduate Second Language Education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

8. Socio-Cognitive Approach • Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory • Zone of Proximal Development • Computer-Mediated Communication • Synchronous tools: Daedalus Interchange writing programs, synchronous chatting (ICQ, MSN) • Asynchronous tools: E-mail, conferencing systems, ListServs, Newsgroups • Computer-Assisted Discussions • Blackboard • WebCT Vygotsky, L. 1978 Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. (Chapter 6: Interaction between learning and development, pp. 79-91). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

9. Constructivist Learning The term refers to the idea that learners construct knowledge for themselves (Each learner individually (and socially) constructs meaning as he or she learns). Examples: Computer Mediated Distance Education (CMDE) • English for All http://www.myefa.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=welcome • Learner Web http://www.screencast.com/users/mlm504/folders/Jing/media/789b0a62-ccdd-472f-bffd-477101e1a815 CECA. (1991) Constructivist Learning Theory. The Museum and the Needs of People. CECA Conference. Oct 1991. Jerusalem. Israel.

10. Natural Approach Based on language acquisition refers to the subconscious absorption of general principles of grammar through real experience of communication using L2. Example: • Rosetta Stone • http://www.rosettastone.com/personal/demo Terrel, D. (1977) A Natural Approach to Second LanguageAcquisition and LearningTracy. The Modern Language Journal. Vol. 61. No. 7, 1977. pp. 325-337

11. Task Based Approach The task-based model, emphasizes the organization of tasks to facilitate the learners’ participation in tasks which focus on rules and conventions of the language system, communication, problem solving activities, and situational tasks. Example: • Webquest http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4rel5qOPvU http://tarek169.tripod.com/yt/ Cerezal-Sierra, F. (1995) Foreign Language Teaching Methods: Some Issues and New Moves.Universided de Alcalá, 1995

12. Current Technologies • Blogs • Podcasts • Wikis http://innovations.oise.utoronto.ca/edtech/index.php/Home • Internet Games http://languageplaytown.languageplayhouse.com/service/displayHomePageExperience.kickAction?page=Homepage&as=32486 • Facebook, YouTube • Virtual World http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1IRkqbUoXY

13. Communicative CALL Computer Assisted Language Learning technologies should base on 13 communicative language acquisition principles below: • Promote acquisition practice • Develop implicit grammar rules • Encourage original language utterances • Avoid judging and evaluation of structural accuracy • Provide hints instead of pointing out errors • No rewards for success • No cute patronizing comments • Use target language exclusively • Be flexible • Allow students to explore the subject matter • Create a natural language learning environment • Don’t function as a book • Fun Underwood, J. H. (1984). Linguistics, computers, and the language teacher : A communicative approach. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House Publishers.

14. Learning Writing with Technologies • provide motivation for students to write • enhance students’ sense of audience • teach students the importance of revision • reduce stress in writing in target language, and cultivate positive attitudes towards writing. CHOI, J.(2008)The Role of Online Collaboration in Promoting ESL Writing. English Language Teaching. Vol. 1. No. 1. June 2008.Canada Centre of Science and Education. http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/viewFile/508/490.

15. Benefits of CALL • More democratic • Encourages equal participation • More fully collaborative language learning • Encourage student to notice and build on other students’ ideas • More planning time Warschauer, M. and Meskill, C. (2000) Technology and Second Language Teaching and Learning. in J. Rosenthal (ed) Handbook of Undergraduate Second Language Education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. (p.8-9)

16. Other Benefits • Language laboratories audio and later multimedia lessons provide drills on oral and visual aspects of language communication and vocabulary learning. (Salaberry, R. 2000. p.44, 46) • CAI (Computer Assisted Instructions) can provide assessment, monitoring, recording, analysis of student language performance (p.44) • Electronic dictionaries could provide a full range of synonyms, grammatical and stylistic information efficiently. (p.45) • Speech generating capabilities of computer makes electronic language tutoring possible (p.46) Salaberry, M. (2001) The Use of Technology for Second Language Learning and Teaching: A Retrospective. The Modern Langauage Journal, 85, I, 2001.

17. Criticisms on CALL Randall Davis argues that one of the issues with using technology in language teaching is that language education is being taken over by software developers, hardware vendors and technicians. • High Cost of Computer Programs • Dragon Naturally Speaking • Lack of Technical Support • Negative Attitudes from teachers Davis, R. (2006) Utopia or Chaos? The Impact of Technology on Language Teaching. The Internet TESL Journal. Vol. XII. No.11. Nov 2006.

18. Open Courseware • 2001 MIT initiated the idea of “Open Courseware” • University course material include: syllabi, lecture, notes, assignments and exams. • Open source model: free for download and modify • 2006, 90 universities around the world participated. • 2008, 6200 courses were developed. • Language courses: English, German, French, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish are offered. • Many linguistics and language studies courses are also offered

19. References • Cerezal Sierra, F. (1995) Foreign Language Teaching Methods:Some Issues and New Moves. Universided de Alcalá • CHOI, J.(2008)The Role of Online Collaboration in Promoting ESL Writing. English Language Teaching. Vol. 1. No. 1. June 2008.Canada Centre of Science and Education. http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/viewFile/508/490. • Clark, D. (1999) A Time Capsule of Training and Learning • Davis, R. (2006) Utopia or Chaos? The Impact of Technology on Language Teaching. The Internet TESL Journal. Vol. XII. No.11. Nov 2006. • Salaberry, R. (1996) A Theoretical Foundation for the Development of Pedagogical Tasks in Computer Mediated Communication. In Hubbard, P. (ed.) Computer Assisted Language Learning. 2009. Vol. 3. p.39-67. CALICO Journal 14(1) (1996) p.5-34. • Salaberry, M. (2001) The Use of Technology for Second Language Learning and Teaching: A Retrospective. The Modern Langauage Journal, 85, I, 2001. • Vygotsky, L. 1978 Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. (Chapter 6: Interaction between learning and development, pp. 79-91). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. • Warschauer, M. and Meskill, C. (2000) Technology and Second Language Teaching and Learning. in J. Rosenthal (ed) Handbook of Undergraduate Second Language Education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

20. Online Resources • BIKI http://www.byki.com/lists/Japanese/Meeting-and-Greeting-1.html • Mango http://www.mangolanguages.com/lesson/view/9 • English for All http://www.myefa.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=welcome • Learner Web http://www.screencast.com/users/mlm504/folders/Jing/media/789b0a62-ccdd-472f-bffd-477101e1a815 • Rosestta Stone http://www.rosettastone.com/personal/demo • Webquest http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4rel5qOPvU http://tarek169.tripod.com/yt/ • Wiki http://innovations.oise.utoronto.ca/edtech/index.php/Home • Internet Games http://languageplaytown.languageplayhouse.com/service/displayHomePageExperience.kickAction?page=Homepage&as=32486 • Virtual World http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1IRkqbUoXY