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The Brain

The Brain. Your Brain is HUNGRY. Makes up 2 % of your body weight Consumes 20% of the energy you take in!! If it goes without oxygen for 10 seconds you will lose consciousness 4 minutes may cause permanent brain damage . . The Brain. weighs 1300 - 1400 g ( about 3 pounds)

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The Brain

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  1. The Brain

  2. Your Brain is HUNGRY • Makes up 2 % of your body weight • Consumes 20% of the energy you take in!! • If it goes without oxygen for 10 seconds you will lose consciousness • 4 minutes may cause permanent brain damage.

  3. The Brain • weighs 1300 - 1400 g ( about 3 pounds) • Is about the size of a medium Cauliflower • made up of about 100 billion neurons • Number of synapses (the gap between neurons): 100,000,000,000,000 (100 trillion)

  4. Inside the Human Brain • “the most complex living structure on the universe” Society for Neuroscience • makes us who we are • All the parts of the brain work together and some overlap, but generally they each have a job. Slide 8

  5. Primary parts of the BRAIN The Brain has three main parts… • The Cerebrum • The Cerebellum • The Brain Stem

  6. The Cerebrum: largest part of the brain. • The cerebrum controls your thinking, your memory,and your speaking. • The cerebrum controls your movement and identifies the information gathered by your sense organs.

  7. Inside the Human Brain There are two halves or lobes of the Cerebrum • 1. Cerebral Hemispheres – where sensory information received from the outside world is processed; this part of the brain controls voluntary movement and regulates conscious thought and mental activity: • accounts for 85% of brain’s weight • consists of two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum • is covered by an outer layer called the cerebral cortex

  8. The Cerebellum: below and to the back of the cerebrum. • BALANCE, COORDINATION AND POSTURE • takes up about 10% of brain • consists of two hemispheres • receives information from eyes, ears, and muscles and joints about body’s movements and position

  9. The Brain Stem • The Brain Stem connects the brain to the spinal cord. • relays and receives messages to and from muscles, skin, and other organs • The nerves in the brain stem controls automatic functions such as your heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.

  10. Break – next lesson begins here on the 4 lobes

  11. Lobes of the Brain • Frontal • Parietal • Occipital • Temporal http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

  12. Lobes of the Brain • Frontal Lobe – personality, planning, emotion, problem solving • Motor cortex - movement • Broca’s area • Parietal Lobe – Interprets sensory signal from all parts of the brain – vision, hearing, memory, motor • Temporal Lobe – hearing, and relate noise to location • Wernicke’s area, angular gyrus • Occipital Lobe - vision

  13. Frontal Lobe • The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Frontal Bone of the skull. • It plays an integral role in the following functions/actions: • - Memory Formation • - Emotions • - Decision Making/Reasoning • - Personality

  14. Frontal Lobe - Cortical Regions • Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus) – Cortical site involved with controlling movements of the body. • Broca’s Area– Controls facial neurons, speech, and language comprehension. Located on Left Frontal Lobe. • Orbitofrontal Cortex – Site of Frontal Lobotomies • Broca’s Aphasia – Results in the ability to comprehend speech, but the decreased motor ability (or inability) to speak and form words. * Possible Side Effects: - Epilepsy - Poor Emotional Responses - Perseveration (Uncontrolled, repetitive actions, gestures, or words) • * Desired Effects: • - Diminished Rage • - Decreased Aggression • - Poor Emotional Responses • Olfactory Bulb- Cranial Nerve I, Responsible for sensation of Smell

  15. Primary Motor Cortex/ Precentral Gyrus Broca’s Area Orbitofrontal Cortex Olfactory Bulb Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

  16. Parietal Lobe • The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Parietal Bone of the skull. • It plays a major role in the following functions/actions: - Senses and integrates sensation(s) • Spatial awareness and perception • (Proprioception - Awareness of body/ body parts in space and in relation to each other) Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

  17. Parietal Lobe - Cortical Regions • Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus)– Site involved with processing of tactile information. • Somatosensory Association Cortex - Assists with the integration and interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space. May assist with visuo-motor coordination. • Primary Gustatory Cortex– Primary site involved with the interpretation of the sensation of Taste.

  18. Primary Somatosensory Cortex/ Postcentral Gyrus Somatosensory Association Cortex Primary Gustatory Cortex

  19. Occipital Lobe • The Occipital Lobe of the Brain is located deep to the Occipital Bone of the Skull. • Its primary function is the processing, integration, interpretation, etc. of VISION and visual stimuli. Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

  20. Occipital Lobe – Cortical Regions • Primary Visual Cortex– This is the primary area of the brain responsible for sight -recognition of size, color, light, motion, dimensions, etc. • Visual Association Area – Interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex.

  21. Primary Visual Cortex Visual Association Area

  22. Temporal Lobe • The Temporal Lobes are located on the sides of the brain, deep to the Temporal Bones of the skull. • They play an integral role in the following functions: • Hearing • Organization/Comprehensionof language • Information Retrieval (Memory and Memory Formation) Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

  23. Temporal Lobe – Cortical Regions • Primary Auditory Cortex – Responsible for hearing • Primary Olfactory Cortex – Interprets the sense of smell once it reaches the cortex via the olfactory bulbs. (Not visible on the superficial cortex) • Wernicke’s Area – Language comprehension. Located on the Left Temporal Lobe. - Wernicke’s Aphasia – Language comprehension is inhibited. Words and sentences are not clearly understood, and sentence formation may be inhibited or non-sensical.

  24. Primary Auditory Cortex Wernike’s Area Primary Olfactory Cortex (Deep) Conducted from Olfactory Bulb

  25. Arcuate Fasciculus • Arcuate Fasciculus - A white matter tract that connects Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area through the Temporal, Parietal and Frontal Lobes. Allows for coordinated, comprehensible speech. Damage may result in: - Conduction Aphasia - Where auditory comprehension and speech articulation are preserved, but people find it difficult to repeat heard speech. Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

  26. Begin here Wednesday

  27. Sensory and motor strips

  28. Sensory homunculus

  29. Motor strip and homunculus Motor strip

  30. Broca’s Area – speech production • Wernicke’s Area – language Comprehension • Primary visual cortex – specialized in processing the visual world • Angular Gyrus -processes related to language and cognition

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