Rejections of Liberalism

1. Rejections of Liberalism Social Studies 30 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUSiCEx3e-0

2. Government Systems • Four basic questions have to be explored when studying any government system: • By whom and by which criteria should leaders be chosen? • How should the decision making process be organized to implement and enforce decisions? • What political institutions should be created, and what functions and power given to them? • How should the political process be organized and in whose interests should decisions be made? • Although democracies and authoritarian regimes are very different, they both exist to protect the security and economic interests of a society.

4. Nietzsche felt that although democracy created equality, it crushed the spirit of superior people for the sake of mediocre Adolf Hitler reworded Nietzsche to: "it is madness to think and criminal to proclaim that a majority can replace the accomplishments of a genius."

5. Machiavelli Believed that a ruler should inspire fear but at the same time should be mindful of maintaining support of the people, if only to prevent foreign powers from encouraging rebellion by the people.

6. Definition of Dictatorship • synonyms: • authoritarian, totalitarian, absolute monarchy, autocracy • Within a dictatorship, people are told what to do and are expected to obey • degrees of dictatorship range from benevolent dictator (one who looks after his people) to totalitarian/megalomaniac (all facets of society are controlled by the state/individual and no dissension is allowed)

7. What is a dictatorship?......Authoritarian/Totalitarian rule In a totalitarian state, political power and authority are concentrated in the hands of one leader or a small group of people and exercised in a dictatorial manner—power over society is exercised by a few....the elite People are encouraged to identify with the leader or one group rather than with the ideals or principles of a type of government. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWv6x3oXRY4

8. Totalitarian Regimes • These regimes respond to perceived destabilizing changes in society. This can be: • Radical • move towards the far left; immediate change; equality; rejection of traditions (economic and political) of the past; public ownership • former USSR, China, North Korea, Cuba • Reactionary • move towards the far right; revert to the way society was; elitist; inequality (economic and social); usually ultranationalistic • Nazi Germany; military dictatorships

10. Dictatorship Democracy Government Citizens Citizens Government

11. VIDEO http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJjY57OoKXs

12. Characteristics of Dictatorship use of force and violence direction of popular discontent - scapegoating tokenism control of media controlled participation limits on dissent lack of accountability provision for changes to the system indoctrination propaganda

13. Use of force and violence A strong military and secret police exist to keep the government in power. (NKVD-KGB, Gestapo) Military can be called upon to intervene in political affairs. Secret police use various methods to seek out and arrest suspected dissenters and enemies of the government. The fear of violence is often used to maintain power. The threat of violence can be real or perceived.

15. GULAGS – SOVIET FORCED LABOUR PRISONS

16. Directing Public Discontent - Scapegoating Blaming an identifiable group of people for the misfortunes of society. These identifiable groups of people can be an ethnic group, entire nation, etc. This is generally used to distract attention away from the true causes of misfortune. It can also be used fabricate misfortune that may not actually exist in the society. Often, dictators find scapegoats for poor economic or social conditions.

17. Controlled participation Political participation is limited to involving people in activities such as elections and referendums designed to demonstrate support for the government and is policies. There are no real choices, so elections, if any, are only symbolic. Political competition is restricted or eliminated to ensure that all opposition to the government, even within the party, remains weak and divided.

18. Tokenism Often, different groups on society are given a limited amount of power or rights to make them seem included. Though it seems like these groups (usually minorities) have power, they do not and or often manipulated for the good of the dictator.

19. Control of media All major forms of media are controlled by the authoritarian regime. This ensures that the dictator has a favorable image. The state can own the media outlets, or can strictly control content….censorship

20. Limits on dissent Dissent is limited by closely monitoring people’s views and activities and repressing opposition to government. There are also laws that ensure that citizens cannot express their disfavor with the government.

21. Lack of accountability Decision making and political power; actions are not conducted according to the rule of law. Leaders are not required to be accountable to the people for their policies and actions. This often leads to widespread corruption, mismanagement, repression of civil liberties, loss of human life, and persecution of minorities.

22. Provisions for change to the system Because of the concentration of power in the hands of a leader or small elite, provisions allowing for peaceful transition of power rarely exist. The death of the dictator is frequently followed by a violent power struggle.

23. Indoctrination The media function to popularize the beliefs, viewpoints, and policies of the leader the government…change history Access to media sources by the public is restricted . Education is strictly controlled and monitored in an attempt to gain the support of youth and to teach ideas and values favored by the government. Often government-sponsored youth groups exist to provide activities for youth, but also to encourage support for the government.

24. Biology For 5th Grade Girls The Laws of Nature and Humanity I. We have established that all creatures, plants as well as animals, are in a continual battle for survival. Plants crowd into the area they need to grow. Every plant that fails to secure enough room and light must necessarily die. Every animal that does not secure sufficient territory and guard it against other predators, or lacks the necessary strength and speed or caution and cleverness will fall prey to its enemies. The army of plant eaters threatens the plant kingdom. Plant eaters are prey for carnivores. The battle for existence is hard and unforgiving, but is the only way to maintain life. This struggle eliminates everything that is unfit for life, and selects everything that is able to survive. --Nazi Science Book

25. Propaganda • Propaganda is defined as a systematic form of persistent persuasion that attempts to influence the emotions, attitudes, opinions, and actions of specified target audiences for ideological, political or commercial purposes through the controlled transmission of one-sided messages (which may or may not be factual) via mass and direct media channels • Propaganda attempts to evoke an emotional response that can be mobilized to achieve a nation’s goals. In general it attempts to deliver a focused message through: • Selective use of information • Appeals to emotions….national pride • Use of symbols • Parades/rallies http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeoIHxSaEaU

27. VIDEO http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJjY57OoKXs

28. How one becomes a dictator?

29. Crisis Theory A belief that all events in history are triggered by various crises, such as war and economic depression. This produces such intense feelings of resentment, frustration, insecurity, and outright fear that people are willing to accept drastic political solutions. This concept would explain the origin of many dictatorships.

30. Great Man Theory theory that "great" leaders possess characteristics or traits not found in the rest of the population. This concept is based on the belief that great leaders are not made but born with unique characteristics which allow them to rise to the occasion during difficult periods in history to overcome obstacles and lead their nation successfully.

31. Charismatic leadership A person that has the ability to capture the attention and gain the support of people through the force of their personality. (cult of personality) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIF6hOy5LNg

32. Military Coup Many of the world’s governments are military dictatorships. In most of these counties the leaders gained their positions by a coup d’etat For a coup to be successful, the leaders must gain the support of the majority of the military officers. The essential elements of a successful takeover have included seizing the presidential palace, disrupting communications and transport systems, controlling media outlets, setting up roadblocks, and arresting important political figures.

34. Types of Dictatorships • Authoritarian Governments • Absolute monarchy • One-person autocratic rule • Oligarchy • Military dictatorship • Minority tyranny • One party states

35. Absolute monarchy monarch achieves power by heredity Divine right Emir of Kuwait Saudi Arabia Louis XIV - 1780s

36. Autocracy – One Person/One Party One-person or political party = autocratic rule Based on the personality of the leader The regime is maintained by force Some political institutions may exist, but they are usually dominated and controlled by the leader or party. General Suharto --Indonesia

37. Oligarchy Led by an elite group May be family, ethnic minority, or a social group The elite rules in order to further its own interests at the expense of the majority.

38. Military dictatorship/junta power seized by force in a coup d’etat Military personal control all decisions All key political positions are controlled through a military council (junta) Chile (1973-1990); Uganda (1971-86); Myanmar (1958-2011)

39. Minority tyranny • minority rules over majority without respect to majority rights • Apartheid in South Africa (1948-1994)

40. Two Most Influential Ideologies To REJECT Classical Liberalism Communism Fascism These are both totalitarian regimes that rejected liberalism

41. Totalitarianism defined e.g.: fascist Italy under Mussolini, Nazi Germany under Hitler, Communist USSR under Stalin ruler has total control over all aspects of human life communications technology makes total control possible state controls access to information, monopolizes all communication systems state systematically indoctrinates its citizens economy totally regulated

42. Change in Society

43. Common features of totalitarian regimes Extensive use of propaganda Coercive power Promotion of conformity to state Organization (local, regional, national) Controlled/forced participation (e.g. youth groups) Secret police using terror Indoctrination through education Censorship of media Redirecting popular discontent (scapegoating)

44. Commonalities between fascism and communism New technologies made totalitarianism possible and allowed rulers to maintain an extreme degree of control over their populations Turned away from the individual and away from limited democratic governments Both had one party rule (no other political parties allowed) Both favored a collective, all-powerful state

45. Both used a hierarchical structure Single charismatic party leader Obedience to and support for the party was not-negotiable Top party members (national) Lower party members (regional & local) Masses of people in the nation

46. FASCISM Draws support from lower classes & business. Makes decisions in the interest of the state. Focuses activities on the state.(national) Corporate state (private enterprise) Elitism Ultra-nationalism(ethnocentric) racist COMMUNISM Draws support from working classes. Makes decisions in the interest of the working class. Desire to help working class around the world. (international) State ownership of the means of production. Nationalities unimportant (equally) FASCISM VS. COMMUNISM

48. Review • Place each of the following terms on a spectrum: • Communism • Fascism • Centre • Right • Left • Moderate • Liberal • Conservative • Welfare state • Socialism • Laissez-faire • Marx • Stephen Harper • USSR • Nazi Germany • Adam Smith • BarackObama • China • Cuba • Reactionary • Radical • Command economy • Labour unions • Welfare capitalism • Capitalism • Equality • Inequality • Individualism • Collectivism

49. Communism Read the attached notes on communism. Be sure to highlight key points and terms. When finished, complete the activity on the next slide.

50. Activity • You may use the notes on Communism and chapter 5 to complete these two activities: • In your Journal, answer the “Pause and Reflect” question on page 171 (15 minutes) • With a partner, identify four ideas put forth by either Marx, Lenin or Stalin that reject the principles of liberalism. Be specific and explanatory with what the idea was and why it is a rejection of liberalism.