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Origin of the Atmosphere & Hydrosphere

Origin of the Atmosphere & Hydrosphere. Gases escape from Earth’s molten interior through volcanic activity. We observe this happening in the present, but most degassing occurred early in Earth history.

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Origin of the Atmosphere & Hydrosphere

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  1. Origin of the Atmosphere & Hydrosphere • Gases escape from Earth’s molten interior through volcanic activity. • We observe this happening in the present, but most degassing occurred early in Earth history. • Early atmosphere was probably CH4, NH3, (not oxidized), then CO, CO2, H2O through exchange with hot silicate rocks

  2. Earth’s outgassing (and ingassing) continues in the present day.

  3. Products of weathering Primary Residual Dissolved Minerals Minerals Ions Feldspar Clay minerals K+, Ca+2, Na+ Aluminum hydroxide Fe-Mg minerals Hematite & Mg+2 Limonite Quartz Quartz Silica Primary Solids that Ions that are carried Minerals remain in soil away in water ----------Detrital sediments------------------Chemical & biochemical sediments

  4. Average salinity = 34.5 per mil or 3.45 %

  5. Sources: • runoff • groundwater • Sinks: • exchange with rocks at ocean ridges • exchange with sediments & formation of sediments • aerosols

  6. Ion behavior: • Conservative: changes with salinity only, by dilution • Nutrient: used in metabolic processes • Nutrient-related: mistaken for or accompanying nutrients • Biolimiting: can be consumed completely by living things near ocean surface

  7. Residence time = Total mass of element in reservoir (oceans)/influx Grams/(grams/year) Al 8X10-4 0.8 Pb 2X10-6 1.7 Nd 4.2X10-6 1.9

  8. http://www.earthref.org

  9. Subduction of ocean crust Dehydration of ocean crust & melting Na returned to crust in arc magma Some Na subducted into deep mantle

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