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Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System. Articulations Functional junctions between bones Bind parts of skeletal system together Make bone growth possible Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction.
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Chapter 8Joints of the Skeletal System • Articulations • Functional junctions between bones • Bind parts of skeletal system together • Make bone growth possible • Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth • Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction
Classification of Joints • Fibrous Joints • dense connective tissues connect bones • between bones in close contact • synarthrotic • immovable • amphiarthrotic • slightly movable • diarthrotic • freely movable • Cartilaginous Joints • hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones • Synovial Joints • most complex • allow free movement • held together by a fluid filled joint cavity
Fibrous Joints 3 Types • Syndesmosis • Suture • Gomphosis Syndesmosis • a sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue connects bones • amphiarthrotic • lies between tibia and fibula
Fibrous Joints Suture • between flat bones • synarthrotic • thin layer of connective tissue connects bones Gomphosis • cone-shaped bony process in a socket • tooth in jawbone • synarthrotic
Cartilaginous Joints 2 Types • Synchondrosis • Symphysis Synchondrosis • bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones • epiphyseal plate (temporary) • between manubrium and first rib • synarthrotic
Cartilaginous Joints Symphysis • pad of fibrocartilage between bones • pubis symphysis • joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae • amphiarthrotic
Synovial Joints • diarthrotic • joint cavity • synovial fluid • joint capsule • synovial membrane • bursae
General structure of a synovial joint • Articular cartilage covers ends of bones • Spongy bone usually beneath cartilage • Subchondral plate between bone and cartilage that absorbs shock • Joint capsule strengthened by ligaments that hold bones together • Synovial membranes secretes a clear viscous synovial fluid
Synovial fluid moistens, provides nutrients, and lubricates articular surfaces • Some areas have villi to increase surface area • Menisci divide some synovial joints into compartments • Some joints have fluid filled bursae • Bursae are usually located between the skin and underlying bony prominances
Bursae cushion and aid movement of tendons over bony parts • Bursae are named according to their locations
Types of Synovial Joints Condyloid Joint • between metacarpals and phalanges • Wide range of movement but not rotation Ball-and-Socket Joint • hip • shoulder • Widest range of motion
Types of Synovial Joints Hinge Joint • elbow • between phalanges • Moves in one plane only Gliding Joint (Plane) • between carpals • between tarsals • Permits sliding and twisting
Types of Synovial Joints Pivot Joint • between proximal ends of radius and ulna • Permits rotation Saddle Joint • between carpal and metacarpal of thumb • Permits variety of movement
Types of Joint Movements • abduction/adduction • dorsiflexion/plantarflexion • flexion/extension/hyperextension
Types of Joint Movements • rotation/circumduction • supination/pronation
Types of Joint Movements • eversion/inversion • protraction/retraction • elevation/depression
Shoulder Joint • ball-and-socket • head of humerus • glenoid cavity of scapula • loose joint capsule • bursae • ligaments prevent displacement • very wide range of movement
Elbow Joint • hinge joint • trochlea of humerus • trochlear notch of ulna • gliding joint • capitulum of humerus • head of radius • flexion and extension • many reinforcing ligaments • stable joint
Hip Joint • ball-and-socket joint • head of femur • acetabulum of coxa • heavy joint capsule • many reinforcing ligaments • less freedom of movement than shoulder joint
Knee Joint • largest joint – • most complex • medial and lateral condyles of distal end of femur • medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of tibia • femur articulates anteriorly with patella • modified hinge joint (2 condyloids & gliding) • flexion/extension/little rotation • strengthened by many ligaments and tendons • menisci separate femur and tibia • bursae
Life-Span Changes • Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging • Fibrous joints first to change; can strengthen over a lifetime • Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height • Synovial joints lose elasticity • Disuse hampers the blood supply • Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer
Clinical Application Joint Disorders Sprains • damage to cartilage, ligaments, or tendons associated with joints • forceful twisting of joint • Overstretching Bursitis • inflammation of a bursa • overuse of a joint
Joint Disorders • Arthritis • inflamed, swollen, painful joints If a joint is immobilized for a long period of time the articular cartilage may soften and degenerate Arthroscopy is used to examine a joint – blue box page 271
Rheumatoid Arthritis • autoimmune disorder • synovial membrane thickens forming a mass called a pannus • articular cartilage is damaged and bones fuse together (bony ankyloses • systemic disorder often affecting the joints, skin, eyes, lungs, blood vessels, and heart
Osteoarthritis • Most common type • Degenerative and usually occurs with aging • Articular cartilage softens and disintegrates slowly • Joints become painful with restricted movements
Lyme Arthritis • Bacterial infection passed in a tick bite • Causes intermittent arthritis of several joints several weeks after initial infection • Symptoms first appear as a rash, fatigue, flulike aches and pains • Treated with antibiotics • May be difficult to diagnose