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Chung C. Fu, Ph.D., P.E.

Dynamic Response of Pedestrian Bridges/Floor Vibration and Various Methods of Vibration Remediation. Chung C. Fu, Ph.D., P.E. Presentation. Brief overview of structural vibration Understanding how people perceive and react to unwanted vibration

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Chung C. Fu, Ph.D., P.E.

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  1. Dynamic Response of Pedestrian Bridges/Floor Vibration and Various Methods of Vibration Remediation Chung C. Fu, Ph.D., P.E.

  2. Presentation • Brief overview of structural vibration • Understanding how people perceive and react to unwanted vibration • General response of pedestrian bridges to vibration • Various design guidelines • Damping • Bridge case study

  3. Structural Vibration • Stiffness Force: FS = -kx • Damping Force: FD = -cx’ • External Force: FE(t) • Inertial Force

  4. Structural Vibration • General equation of motion

  5. Structural Vibration • Free Vibration • Solution

  6. Structural Vibration • Forced Vibration • Solution

  7. Structural Vibration • Steady State Forcing Function • Solution

  8. Human Perception • Human Response • Present: Not perceived • Perceived: Does not annoy • Perceived: Annoys and disturbs • Perceived: Severe enough to cause illness • Peak acceleration limits

  9. Peak Acceleration for HumanComfort for Vibrations Design Guide 11 Fig. 2.1 Recommended peak acceleration for human comfort for vibrations due to human activities

  10. Pedestrian Bridge Response • Vertical Vibration • Lateral Vibration

  11. Pedestrian Bridge Response • Vertical Vibration (also apply to floor vibration) P = Person’s weight ai = Dynamic coefficient for the harmonic force i = Harmonic multiple (1, 2, 3…) fstep = Step frequency of activity t = time fi = Phase angle for the harmonic

  12. Pedestrian Bridge Response • Lateral Vibration Synchronous Lateral Excitation

  13. Design Guidelines • Serviceability (i.e. functional, usable) • Stiffness • Resonance • Resonance • Frequency matching • Uncomfortable/damaging vibration • Unfavorable perception AVOID RESONACE!

  14. Design Guidelines • Natural Frequency Ex.) Uniformly loaded simple beam:

  15. Design Guidelines • Natural Frequency (Vertical Vibration) • Limiting values (Bridge) • AASHTO • f > 3.0 Hz • f > 2.85ln(180/W) • W > 180e-0.35f • Special cases: f > 5.0 Hz • British Code (1978 BS 5400)/Ontario Bridge Code (1983) • fo> 5.0 Hz • amax< 0.5(fo)1/2 m/s2 • amax = 4p2fo2ysKY • F = 180sin(2pfoT) N • vt = 0.9fo m/s (> 2.5 m/s per Ontario Code)

  16. Bridge Design Guidelines

  17. British Design Guidelines

  18. Design Guidelines • Natural Frequency (Vertical Vibration) • Limiting values • AASHTO • British Code (1978 BS 5400) • AISC/CISC Steel Design Guide Series 11 < 1.5% (Indoor walkways) < 5.0% (Outdoor bridges)

  19. Response to Sinusoidal Force Resonance response function Simplified design criterion a/g, a0/g= ratio of the floor acceleration to the acceleration of gravity; acceleration limit fn= natural frequency of floor structure Po= constant force equal to 0.29 kN (65 lb.) for floors and 0.41 kN (92 lb.) for footbridges

  20. Steel Framed Floor System • The combined Beam or joist and girder panel system – Spring in parallel (a & b) or in series (c & d) System frequency Equivalent panel weight

  21. Design Guidelines • Natural Frequency (Lateral Vibration) • Step frequency ½ vertical • 1996 British Standard BS 6399 • 10% vertical load • Per ARUP research • f > 1.3 Hz • Rule of thumb • Lateral limits ½ vertical limits

  22. Design Guidelines • Stiffening • Uneconomical • Unsightly • Damping • Inherent damping < 1% • Mechanical damping devices

  23. Damping • Coulomb Damping

  24. Damping • Viscous Damping

  25. Damping • Mechanical dampers • Active dampers (not discussed here) • Expensive • Complicated • No proven examples for bridges (prototypes currently being tested for seismic damping)

  26. Damping • Mechanical dampers • Passive dampers • Viscous Dampers • Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs) • Viscoelastic Dampers • Tuned Liquid Dampers (TLDs)

  27. Damping Viscous Dampers

  28. Damping Viscous Dampers

  29. Dampers Tuned mass damper Ex) Consider mass ratio = 0.01 bs = 0.05 (5% damping)

  30. Dampers Viscoelastic Dampers

  31. Dampers Tuned Liquid Dampers

  32. Case Study: Millennium Bridge • Crosses River Thames, London, England • 474’ main span, 266’ north span, 350’ south span • Superstructure supported by lateral supporting cables (7’ sag) • Bridge opened June 2000, closed 2 days later

  33. Millennium Bridge • Severe lateral resonance was noted (0.25g) • Predominantly noted during 1st mode of south span (0.8 Hz) and 1st and 2nd modes of main span (0.5 Hz and 0.9 Hz) • Occurred only when heavily congested • Phenomenon called “Synchronous Lateral Excitation”

  34. Millennium Bridge • Possible solutions • Stiffen the bridge • Too costly • Affected aesthetic vision of the bridge • Limit pedestrian traffic • Not feasible • Active damping • Complicated • Costly • Unproven • Passive damping

  35. Millennium Bridge • Passive Dampers • 37 viscous dampers installed • 19 TMDs installed

  36. Millennium Bridge • Results • Provided 20% critical damping. • Bridge was reopened February, 2002. • Extensive research leads to eventual updating of design code.

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