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Lesson C

Lesson C. Material Basics. Wood Basics. Characteristics Inexpensive, strong, easy to work with, long-lasting If properly protected and maintained Combustible Framing uses softwood Lumber may be classified as: Timber : 5 inches or thicker Dimension : 2 to 4 inches thick and of any width

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Lesson C

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  1. Lesson C Material Basics

  2. Wood Basics • Characteristics • Inexpensive, strong, easy to work with, long-lasting • If properly protected and maintained • Combustible • Framing uses softwood • Lumber may be classified as: • Timber: 5 inches or thicker • Dimension: 2 to 4 inches thick and of any width • Boards: 1 to 1.5 inches thick and 2 inches or wider

  3. Figure D-2 Dimension Lumber.

  4. Wood Basics (cont’d.) • Visual grading system • Based on size and use • Moisture and shrinkage in unseasoned horizontal members • Can make floors uneven • “Green” structural members • Can warp, twist, and shrink • May cause connectors to fail

  5. Wood Basics (cont’d.) • Size of wood beam depends on: • Load it has to carry • Strength of the lumber • Most common size of wood posts for residential and commercial buildings: • 4 × 4 feet, 4 × 6 feet • Wood sheathing: • Plywood and oriented strand board (OSB) • Replaces boards for most applications

  6. Figure S-1 Sheathing. (Courtesy of Kathleen Siegel.)

  7. Courtesy of Craig Allyn Rose

  8. Courtesy of Craig Allyn Rose

  9. Steel Basics • Characteristics: • Versatile, uniform quality, and great strength in compression and tension • Standard grade in building construction • Carbon steel, ASTM grade A-36 • Loses strength at 1000° F • Popular in commercial and industrial buildings

  10. Steel Basics (cont’d.) • Decking • Supports concrete slabs and suspended ceilings • Exterior walls: • Metal panels, precast curtain walls, or masonry • Common hot-rolled steel shapes • Wide-flange beam (W); American Standard Beam (S) • Cold-formed structural shapes • Used for secondary members in pre-engineered metal buildings

  11. Figure S-17 Suspended Ceilings. Figure C-20 Curtain Wall.

  12. Figure P-13 Purlin. (Courtesy of Kathleen Siegel.) Figure S-13 Strut.

  13. Steel Basics (cont’d.) • Steel studs • Used in Type I Fire Resistive and Type II Non-combustible buildings • Size/gauge dependent on location/loading conditions • Steel columns • Wide flange, pipe, and structural tubing • Steel decking • Flat or ribbed 12- to 16-gauge sheets • Used for floors/roofs with poured-over concrete slabs

  14. Courtesy of Craig Allyn Rose

  15. Masonry Basics • Characteristics • Durable • Fire- and heat-resistant • Sound-insulating properties • Fast and easy to put up; little maintenance • Choices of texture, color, style, and pattern • Heavy material, high compression strength • Requires steel reinforcement in earthquake zones • Little tensile or flexural strength

  16. Masonry Basics (cont’d.) • Typical examples • Concrete block, brick, and stone with mortar and/or grout • Uses • Load-bearing and nonbearing walls for interior and exterior applications • Below and above grade for piers and columns, fire walls, and curtain walls • ASTM grades describes structural properties

  17. Figure F-7 Fire Wall. Figure R-3 Rebar.

  18. Masonry Basics (cont’d.) • Concrete masonry units (CMUs) • Typically 8 × 8 × 16 inches • Used for wall thicknesses of 8 to 16 inches • Steel connectors • Joins masonry walls with wood/steel roofs and floors • Unprotected wide-flange beams • Support floors and roofs • Susceptible to elongation when heated • May cause failure of the masonry wall

  19. Concrete Basics • Characteristics • Noncombustible, heavy, and brittle material with great compressive strength • Uses: floors, walls, roofs, columns, beams • Steel reinforcement necessary for floors, foundations,columns, and beams • Prestressing develops greater load-carrying capabilities with less weight • Pretensioning used for precast concrete

  20. Concrete Basics (cont’d.) • Posttensioning used for cast-in-place concrete • Thickness of exterior concrete walls: • Depends on design load and fire-resistance requirements • Precast tilt-up walls are usually cast off-site • Walls are cast on-site • Wall panels are lifted and then braced to the floor slab

  21. Figure C-2 Cast-in-Place Concrete.

  22. Concrete Basics (cont’d.) • Panels are joined together by: • Welding them to steel columns • Joining them to cast-in-place concrete pilasters • Concrete beams: • Typically rectangular • Used to carry floor and roof loads • Reinforced with steel to resist tension • Prestressing beams • Creates greater load-carrying capacity

  23. Courtesy of Craig Allyn Rose

  24. Summary • Wood • Inexpensive, strong, easy to work with, long-lasting, but combustible • Steel • Versatile, uniform quality, and great strength • Masonry • Durable, fire- and heat-resistant, sound-insulating • Concrete • Noncombustible, heavy, great compressive strength

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