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Learn how to distinguish between evergreen (conifers) and deciduous trees based on leaves, fruits, and bark characteristics. Explore key traits of various tree species and their identification methods.
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Evergreens (Conifers) Leaves are needles or scalelikeLeaves stay on Tree year roundFruit is a coneSap has “antifreeze” Deciduous Leaves are flat with veinsLeaves fall off tree in autumnFruits vary
How to Identify Conifers • Are leaves needle or scalelike? • Are needles in a bundle or do they grow singly? • How many needles are in a bundle? • Do leaves fall off in autumn?
Scalelike Leaves Eastern red cedar Northern white cedar
Needles in Bundles Jack Pine Eastern White Pine
Single Needles Colorado blue spruce
Leaf Arrangement in Deciduous Trees Opposite Leaves Alternate Leaves Whorled Leaves
Trees with Opposite Leaves MAD Horse Buck (and Viburnum) Maple Ash Dogwood Horse Chestnut Buckeye Viburnum
Trees with Alternate Leaves Everything else… Oak Beech Hickory Aspen Elm Hackberry Etc….
Maple (Acer sp.) Twigs/Buds Sugar Maple Silver Maple
Maple (Acer sp.) Bark Sugar Maple Silver Maple
Ash (Fraxinus sp.) Twigs Black Ash White Ash Green Ash
Ash (Fraxinus sp.) Bark White Ash Green Ash
Ohio Buckeye (Aesculus glabra) Peanut Butter Colored Large Bud Hexagonal Pith Opposite Leaf Scars Light Gray Bark
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) Fruit Chambered Pith Bud and Leaf Scar (Monkey Face)
Birches (Betula sp.) Mature bark of River Birch Bark of Paper Birch Young bark of River Birch
Hickories (Carya sp.) Shagbark Hickory Bitternut (or Yellow-bud) Hickory
Catalpa (Catalpa speciosa) Whorled Leaf Scars Bark Fruit
Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) Bud – Hairy Pseudoterminal Bud Angled Warty Bark in Young Trees
American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) Spiky Fruit Smooth, Silvery Bark Bud – Long, Narrow Cigar
Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) Fruit Bud – One Scale Distinctive Flaky Bark
Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) Blocky Bark Bud – Imbricate Scales, Shiny and Large
Basswood (Tilia americana) Bud – Smiling Shark Mature Bark – Deep Fissures Young Bark – Smooth
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) Paired Thorns on Twig Bark – Deep Fissures
Oaks (Quercus sp.) White Oak Red Oak
Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) Young Bark (horizontal lenticels) Mature Bark
Field Guides and Resources Trees of Wisconsin website http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/trees/tree_intro01.htm