The War for Independence: Causes, Events, and Key Individuals

1. QUIT 4 C H A P T E R The War for Independence CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE The Stirrings of Rebellion 1 SECTION Ideas Help Start a Revolution 2 SECTION Struggling Towards Saratoga 3 SECTION Winning the War 4 SECTION MAP VISUAL SUMMARY

2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVE HOME 4 C H A P T E R The War for Independence To analyze the causes of the American Revolution and understand the important events of the war as well as the role played by significant individuals during the conflict

3. HOME 4 C H A P T E R The War for Independence I N T E R A C T W I T H H I S T O R Y It is 1767, and your Boston printing shop may soon be forced to close. British import taxes have all but eliminated your profits. In response to petitions to repeal the tax, the king has instead stationed troops throughout the city. Some of your neighbors favor further petitions, but others urge stronger measures. How would you respond to unfair laws passed by a distant government? Examine the Issues • Should American colonists obey every law passed in Britain? • Are colonists entitled to the same rights as all other British subjects?

4. TIME LINE 1767Parliament passes the Townshend Acts. 1765The British Parliament passes the Stamp Act. 1770Tukolor Kingdom arises in the former Songhai region of West Africa. 1774The Reign of Louis XVI begins in France. 1774Parliament passes the Intolerable Acts. First Continental Congress convenes. 1770Five colonists are killed in the “Boston Massacre.” 1769Scotland’s James Watt patents a steam engine capable of running other machines. HOME 4 C H A P T E R The War for Independence The United States The World 1760George III becomes king of Great Britain. 1773Colonists stage the Boston Tea Party. continued . . .

5. TIME LINE 1776Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense. The American colonies declare independence. 1776Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations is published. 1777The colonists’ victory at Saratoga marks a turning point in the war. 1781The British surrender at Yorktown. 1779Spain declares war on Britain. 1783Colonists and British sign the Treaty of Paris, ending the war. 1782Spain puts down a Native American rebellion in Peru. HOME 4 C H A P T E R The War for Independence The United States The World

6. 1 S E C T I O N The Stirrings of Rebellion HOME KEY IDEA Conflict between Great Britain and the American colonies grew over issues of taxation, representation, and liberty. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

7. 1 S E C T I O N The Stirrings of Rebellion •Samuel Adams •Townshend Acts •King George III •Intolerable Acts •Stamp Act •martial law •minutemen •committees of correspondence •Boston Tea Party •Boston Massacre HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The events that shaped the American Revolution are a turning point in humanity’s fight for freedom. Conflict between Great Britain and the American colonies grew over issues of taxation, representation, and liberty. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

8. 1 S E C T I O N The Stirrings of Rebellion ASSESSMENT Conflict Grows HOME 1. List events that demonstrate the growing conflict between Great Britain and the American colonies. The Boston Massacre Seizure of Liberty Protesting Stamp Act Boston Tea Party Forming the Sons of Liberty Closing Boston Harbor Placing Boston under martiallaw Quartering Act Colonists’ retaliation at Concord Stockpiling arms Battle of Lexington British troops at Concord continued . . .

9. 1 S E C T I O N The Stirrings of Rebellion ASSESSMENT HOME 2. What opinion might a British soldier have had about the Boston Massacre? Explain and support your response. Think About: •the start of the conflict on March 5, 1770 •the behavior of Crispus Attucks and other colonists •the use of the event as propaganda ANSWER Soldiers may have felt vulnerable, surrounded by a hostile crowd; they may have been physically provoked; they probably resented the term “Boston Massacre” because, although some deaths occurred, there was no massacre; they may have felt that they were unfairly taunted. continued . . .

10. 1 S E C T I O N The Stirrings of Rebellion ASSESSMENT HOME 3. Explain whether you think the British government acted wisely in its dealings with the colonies between 1765 and 1775. Think About: •the reasons for British actions •the reactions of colonists •the results of British actions ANSWER • POSSIBLE RESPONSES: • Parliament only clamped down when colonists became too rebellious. • Taxing tea to save the East India Tea Company was politically naive. • Parliament should have condemned confrontational tactics such as the Intolerable Acts. End of Section 1

11. 2 S E C T I O N Ideas Help Start a Revolution HOME KEY IDEA Tensions increased throughout the colonies until the Continental Congress declared independence on July 4, 1776. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

12. 2 S E C T I O N Ideas Help Start a Revolution •Olive Branch Petition •Common Sense •Thomas Jefferson •Patriots •Loyalists •Second Continental Congress •Declaration of Independence HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Tensions increased throughout the colonies until the Continental Congress declared independence on July 4, 1776. The Declaration of Independence continues to inspire and challenge people everywhere. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

13. 2 S E C T I O N Ideas Help Start a Revolution ASSESSMENT The Declaration of Independence HOME 1. Summarize the causes, ideas, and results related to the Declaration of Independence. Second Continental Congress met. Colonies should be independent. George III rejected the Olive Branch Petition. Government should be based on a social contract. Causes of Ideas of Thomas Paine published Common Sense. Everyone has certain unalienable rights. Colonies declared independence. Colonists forced to choose between loyalty to the crown and independence. Results of continued . . .

14. 2 S E C T I O N Ideas Help Start a Revolution ASSESSMENT HOME 2. Imagine that King George had accepted the Olive Branch Petition and sought a diplomatic resolution with the Congress. Do you think colonists would still have pressed for independence? Think About: •the attitudes of the king and Parliament toward the colonies •the impact of fighting at Lexington, Concord, and Breed’s Hill •the writings of Thomas Paine ANSWER Yes: Colonists may have felt anger over the loss of fellow citizens in recent battles and other oppressive British actions; colonists may have remained inspired by Common Sense. No: Many American colonists were still loyal to the king and did not want independence. continued . . .

15. 2 S E C T I O N Ideas Help Start a Revolution ASSESSMENT HOME 3. Thomas Paine wrote in the introduction to Common Sense: “ The cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind.” Evaluate the significance of Paine’s statement. Think About: •Locke’s ideas about natural rights •Jefferson’s ideas about “unalienable rights” ANSWER Paine made colonists aware that their struggle for freedom wasn’t just a whim but was part of a universal struggle. Every human being possesses natural and unalienable rights, and when those rights are violated, it is every human being’s obligation to seek their restoration. End of Section 2

16. 3 S E C T I O N Struggling Towards Saratoga HOME KEY IDEA After a series of setbacks, American forces won at Saratoga and survived. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

17. 3 S E C T I O N Struggling Towards Saratoga •inflation •profiteering •Trenton •Saratoga •Valley Forge HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW After a series of setbacks, American forces won at Saratoga and survived. Determination, resilience, and unity have become part of the American character. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

18. 3 S E C T I O N Struggling Towards Saratoga ASSESSMENT Importance Battle Outcome New York British victory forced Continental Army to retreat. Pushed Washington’s army, much reduced in size, into Pennsylvania Trenton First significant colonial victory of the war Boosted morale and prompted reenlistments Philadelphia British captured the city. British victory forced Congress to flee. Saratoga Colonial victory resulting in first British army to surrender American victory resulted in French alliance. HOME 1. List each early battle of the American Revolution, its outcome, and why it was important. continued . . .

19. 3 S E C T I O N Struggling Towards Saratoga ASSESSMENT HOME 2. Imagine that Burgoyne and the British had captured Saratoga in 1777. How might the course of the war have changed? Think About: •the military strength of the British •the fighting skills of the Americans •French support of the colonists ANSWER Since most Americans were not trained soldiers, they might not have been able to stop the British from moving inland; as more British troops moved into the countryside, they might have learned to cope with America’s rough terrain and might have won the war; fearing an American defeat, the French may havebeen discouraged from providing further help for the colonies. continued . . .

20. 3 S E C T I O N Struggling Towards Saratoga ASSESSMENT HOME 3. If you were a woman civilian during the beginning of the American Revolution, what problem caused by the war do you think would affect you the most? Think About: •inflation and the scarcity of goods •the separation of families •the demands of the war effort ANSWER Maintaining a household, often with a husband away in the army; keeping a family fed, safe, and healthy with so little food and so few other provisions; having to make so many things for one’s family and often troops as well; managing houses, farms, and businesses End of Section 3

21. 4 S E C T I O N Winning the War HOME MAP KEY IDEA Strategic victories in the South and at Yorktown enabled the Americans to defeat the British. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

22. 4 S E C T I O N Winning the War •Charles Cornwallis •Treaty of Paris •Yorktown •egalitarianism •Friedrich von Steuben •Marquis de Lafayette HOME MAP OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Strategic victories in the South and at Yorktown enabled the Americans to defeat the British. The American defeat of the British established the United States as an independent Nation. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

23. 4 S E C T I O N Winning the War ASSESSMENT Event Headline HOME MAP 1. Choose five significant events described in this section. For each, write a newspaper headline that summarizes its significance. Captain Friedrich von Steuben trains Washington’s troops Prussian Drillmaster Teaches Fighting Tactics to Continental Army Cornwallis Conquers South Early British success in the South Yorktown British Raise White Flag of Surrender at Yorktown War’s impact on American Society Revolutionary Ideas Stimulate a Rise in Equalitarianism War’s impact on American Society Northern States Take Steps to Outlaw Slavery continued . . .

24. 4 S E C T I O N Winning the War ASSESSMENT HOME MAP 2. Do you think the colonists could have won independence without aid from foreigners? Think About: •the military needs of the Americans and strengths of the French •the Americans’ belief in their fight for independence •von Steuben and de Lafayette ANSWER No: Colonists needed French to block sea routes and to help at Yorktown; poorly trained American troops needed Von Steuben’s expertise. Yes: Patriots’ determination would ensure victory; Americans were superior in Carolinas. continued . . .

25. 4 S E C T I O N Winning the War ASSESSMENT HOME MAP 3. What were the effects of the Revolutionary War on the American colonists? Think About: •political effects •economic effects •social effects ANSWER Politically: The colonists gained a great deal of stature. Economically: The war forced many colonists to confront profiteering and inflation. Socially: The war sparked a growing sense of egalitarianism. continued . . .

26. 4 S E C T I O N Winning the War ASSESSMENT HOME MAP 4. In your opinion, what was the single biggest challenge facing the new country? ANSWER Creating a truly representative and effective government; dealing with European powers; repaying the debt caused by borrowing money to back paper currency. End of Section 4