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West African Fruit Fly Initiative

West African Fruit Fly Initiative. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND. In all West African countries the horticultural industry is quite dynamic and known to be a fast growing agricultural sub-sector.

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West African Fruit Fly Initiative

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  1. West African Fruit Fly Initiative

  2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND • In all West African countries the horticultural industry is quite dynamic and known to be a fast growing agricultural sub-sector. • Horticulture has a role of major importance in West African economy: it is a major source of income, it creates a lot of jobs, it involves many stakeholders, it ensures food security, it provides a lot of vitamins & nutrients. • Mango is a lucrative crop with export for many West African countries. But fruit flies represent a major production constraint with several mango containers destroyed every year from W.A. In 2006, estimated mango losses in Benin => 434 930 000 FCFA = 663 000 € = ~ 966 000 US$.

  3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT • All West African countries (15) are dealing with that crucial fruit fly problematic: fruit fly complex (~ 10 species) • Fruit flies are major constraints for all fruit value chains (including wild species) : mango, citrus, guava, cashew, sour sop, tropical plum, sheanut, African wild mango… Some fruit fly species are oligophagous (attack few fruit species), others are polyphagous as Bactrocera invadens attacking more than 40 fruit species in Benin and some neighbouring countries. • Economic impact on mango value chain in Benin: losses on export cv range from ~15% (end March) to more than 80% (end June). Loss trend is similar in other West African countries while the fruit seasons are slightly different.

  4. INVENTARY OF MANGO FRUIT FLY SPECIES IN W.A. • Bactrocera invadens • Ceratitis cosyra • Ceratitis quinaria • Ceratitis silvestrii • Ceratitis fasciventris • Ceratitis ditissima • Ceratitis bremii • Ceratitis anonae • Ceratitis punctata • Ceratitis capitata • Dacus vertebratus • Bactrocera cucurbitae. => 2 mango fruit flyspecies of higheconomicsignificance. February 21st 2012

  5. African species (Ceratitis cosyra) The marula fruit fly • Mango pestin Sub-Saharian Africa. • Polyphagous species(~15 hosts in Benin). • Widespread on wild (local) hosts in African savannahs… • African species known by growers. • Species of economic significance in Sudanian & Guinean savannahs.

  6. Central zone of mango in West Africa and of Ceratitis cosyra February 21st 2012

  7. "Asian" species (Bactrocera invadens) The invasive fruit fly • Alien species: originated from Sri Lanka. • Species highly polyphagous(more than 40 cultivated wild hosts Benin). • Alien species with high biotic potentialities ( > than those of native species). • Species of high economic significancein forest zone, Sudanian & Guinean savannahs.

  8. THE PUBLIC PLAGUE N° =1 FOR FRUIT VALUE CHAINS IN W.A. An Asian species = Bactrocera invadens

  9. Central zone of mango in West Africa and distribution of Bactrocera invadens

  10. Central zone of citrus in West Africa and distribution of B. invadens

  11. WHY THIS PROJECT? • FIRST FOR THEM = Mangos are fundamental vitamin mineral source in Africa and very cheap

  12. WHY THIS REGIONAL PROJECT? • First of all, mangos are important food crops for West African populations. • Mango fruit flies are quarantine pest of great economic importance (as a barrier to export) occurring throughout West Africa. • Economic impact of fruit flies: very important on mangos but also on citrus, guavas,… as they are polyphagous species. • There is a need for global approach.

  13. GENERAL OBJECTIVE • The global objective of the W.A.F.F.I. is to enhance income generation through the efficient and environmentally sound management of fruit flies • in order to reach: • poverty reduction and sustainable livelihoods • food security in West Africa by the promotion of production of mangoes and other fruit value chains (Citrus…).

  14. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES • ORGANISATIONAL ASPECT: facilitating work of national task force dealing with fruit fly problematic. • PRODUCTION ASPECT: duplication, extension and dissemination of control methods developed in order to deliver them to fruit grower’ organisation and other stakeholders. • RESEARCH ASPECT: => Development of an « IPM-package » (2008-2011) as no single control method has been able to guarantee sustainable control of fruit flies in W A. • =>Continuation of applied research activities (2012-2014) on non validated control methods and also on life-history of Bi.

  15. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES • Enhancing applied research through concerted actions with research institutes and other stakeholders. • Finalizing applied research in an African frame in order to propose best bets. • Extending collaboration with other scientists working on fruit flies in other tropical areas.

  16. METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS An holistic approach of Tephritidae problematic. • Activities within different AEZ : only main AEZ are considered. • Definition of the Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ): AEZ is a mapping unit resulting from climatic, pedological and phytosociological data. This unit has constraints and specific capacities related to the land use. • Three pilot orchards have been selected per AEZ : totally 57 PO in 19 AEZ for all 8 countries. It is possible to have an overall view of infestation with a few PO per AEZ.

  17. MAIN A.E.Z. IN WEST AFRICA Four main Agro-Ecological Zones in West Africa:

  18. => Culturalby graftingealier cv on late cv... =>Prophylactic by collectingdamaged fruits… => Biological controlwithweaverants (generalistpredators). => Biological controlwith micro-wasps (native or exoticparasitoidspecies). => Biological controlwithentomopathogens. => Integrated Pest Managementwith GF-120 spot TTT, otherbait sprays, M.A.T., & different types of bait stations … MAIN FRUIT FLY CONTROL METHODS

  19. FACT STATE: None of classical chemical pesticides has been registered for mango treatments. Nonetheless cotton pesticides are used in mg orchards… Chemical pesticides are too high-priced(and scarce). Chemical pesticides destroy natural enemies (predators as well as parasitoids). The use of chemical pesticides is a real threat for African growers… and risky for exported products due to residues… ! The effectiveness of chemical pesticides is really low against Tephritidae :pesticides do not reach fruit fly eggs and larvae in the pulp of the fruit; furthermore the pupae are protected in the soil. => THE OUTCOME IS REALLY NEGATIVE! The case of chemical control method

  20. FRUIT FLY CONTROL STRATEGY • The IPM program (sensu lato) should integrate several compatible best bet technologies. • For this control program to be effective, it should be planned in the whole production basin (=> “area wide management”). • Only the most appropriate control methods should be used together per A.E.Z.

  21. RESULTS of WAFFI in BENIN Main activities implemented: • Inventory of mango fruit fly species. • Fruit sanitation activities in orchards. • B.A.T. or spot treatments with GF-120. • Biocontrol activities with weaver ants. • Biocontrol activities with native parasitoids. • Other IPM best bets (bait stations…). • Socio-economic studies and calculations. • Set up of new orchards with good technical package (site, mg cultivars, distance of plantation, etc…).

  22. RESULTS & PERSPECTIVES FOR Bi All these best-bet technologies cannot be used in these 4 main A.E.Z. in WA. Here are the positive results for B. invadens (+)

  23. RESULTS & PERSPECTIVES FOR Cc All these best-bet technologies cannot be used in these 4 main A.E.Z. in WA. Here are the positive results for C. cosyra (+) February 21st 2012

  24. Best fruit fly control strategy in WA • Privilegiate the best-bet technologies which are (i) well adapted for each AEZ, (ii) effective, (iii) mutually compatible. • Test and use the compatible best-bet technologies for sustainability with growers in each AEZ. • Disseminatethe compatible best-bet technologies that are well adapted for each AEZ. • Keep a detection trapping with parapheromone attractants in each AEZ for the monitoring of fly populations.

  25. What do you thing as important to be included in the next annual technical planning? Any new Research-Development activities? Any Extension and Dissemination activities? Which kind of collaboration do you prefer…? What kind of capacity building do you want…? How much funding is needed? What are the main objectives? PERSPECTIVES from 2012 to 2014 February 21st 2012

  26. IPM: annual tests at large scale against B. invadens of Male Annihilation Technique (MAT). IPM: tests of spot treatments (GF-120) on citrus crops. IPM: test of M3 bait-stations against B. invadens. Biocontrol: field tests of biological controlwith entomopathogens (Metarrhizium). Biocontrol: analysis of repellent cues of weaver ants against fruit flies. Socio-economic issue: calculation of cost-benefit issue. Capacity building: from growers to students. Media: documents translated in local langages, etc. PERSPECTIVES from 2012 to 2014 NEXT ACTIVITIES that COULD BE PLANNED February 21st 2012

  27. COLLABORATIONS from 2008 to 2010 • National level : with CERPA, CECPA, SPV, INRAB and many growers (Borgou, Atacora, Collines…). • Regional level in West Africa : Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Togo. • International level : Washington (B.M.), Bruxelles (U.E.), Geneva (O.M.C.), Tervuren (R.M.C.A.), London (N.H.M.), Pavie (Univ.), Nairobi (Icipe). • NGOs : CARE, CFHF, FEA, FAES... • Internal level : CIRAD Reunion / PPP (PVBMT). February 21st 2012

  28. A FEW REFERENCES => WAFFI leaflets n°= 1 to 10....(F.V. & E.V.) => Implications of on-farm research for local knowledge related to fruit flies and the weaver ant Oecophyllalonginoda in mango production, 2008.Sinzogan A.,Vayssières J.F., Int. J. of Pest Management, 54, 241-246. => Correlation of fruit fly (DipteraTephritidae) infestation of major mango cultivars in Borgouwith abiotic and biotic factors, 2009.Vayssières J.F., Korie S., Ayegnon D. Crop Protection, 28, 477-488. => Effectiveness of spinosa bait-sprays (GF-120) in controlling mango-infesting fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae)in Benin, 2009.Vayssières J.F., Sinzogan A., Korie S., Ouagoussounon I., Thomas-Odjo A. J. Econ. Entomol., 102, 515-521. => Density of pheromone sources of the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda affects oviposition behaviour and damage by mango fruit flies, 2009.Adandonon A.,Vayssières J.F., Sinzogan A.,Korie S., Van Mele P. Int. J. of Pest Management, 55, 285-292.

  29. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • Donors: thanks are due to W.B., E.U. (AAACP) & W.T.O. for their financial support since end 2007. We also thanks UEMOA for their current financial support in 2012. • Extension services and research institutes: we are grateful to DPV, ISRA, OPV, IER, INERA, SPV, IRAG, PPRSD, CNRA, ITRA, INRAB, IITA and CIRAD for their support since 2004. • Universities: Accra-Legon, Dakar-UCAD, Lomé, Cocody, Abomey-Calavi & Parakou, Montpellier, Paris-Créteil. • Main national projects and NGO’s: thanks are also due to PAFASP (Burkina), PCDA (Mali), FAES (Senegal), MOAP-GTZ, EMQAP (Ghana). • Involved countries: thanks to all our collaborators and partners from the 8 West-African countries. CIRAD-IITA-WARDA’ team

  30. West African Fruit Fly Initiative Thanks...

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