Summarizing 5 years of HIPPI life…

1. Summarizing 5 years of HIPPI life… M. Vretenar, CARE Meeting 04.12.2008 The High Intensity Pulsed Proton Injectors Activity of CARE Coordinators: R. Garoby (2004-05), M. Vretenar (2005-08) Deputies: M. Vretenar (2004-05), A. Lombardi (2005-08) Workpackage coordinators: J.M. De Conto (LPSC) S. Chel (CEA) A.M. Lombardi (CERN) I. Hofmann (GSI) 1

2. HIPPI:High Intensity Pulsed Proton Injectors • Main objective: • Research and development of the technology for high intensity pulsed proton linear accelerators up to an energy of 200 MeV. • Applications of the HIPPI results: • Upgrade of the linac injectors for GSI, CERN and RAL. • 10 participating laboratories: • RAL, CEA, CERN, FZJ, GSI, IAP-FU, INFN-MI, INFN-NA, LPSC, IPNO • Budget: • 14.7 M€, EU contribution 3.6 M€ (~25%) 2

3. Europe before HIPPI • The last proton linac built in Europe was the HERA injector at DESY (1988, H-, 50 MeV), based on the CERN design developed in 1976-78. • Other proton linacs in Europe are the CERN Linac2 (1978, p, 50 MeV) and the ISIS Injector at RAL (1959/1964/1976, H-, 70 MeV). • Obsolete facilities (at CERN the last injector not using H-!), while new programmes are asking for modern linear accelerators: facilities for particle physics (upgrade of CERN injectors for the LHC upgrade, FAIR, neutrino factory), nuclear physics (FAIR, EURISOL), neutron science (ISIS at RAL, ESS), transmutation (EUROTRANS), medical applications. • The ESS programme (1990-1996) tried to fill the gap but did never come even to the prototype stage. • Lack of experience & competence in Europe when in US and Japan the field was progressing rapidly: upgrade of FNAL linac to 400 MeV (1993, H-), construction of the SNS linac in Oak Ridge (2005, H-, 1 GeV) and of the JPARC injector in Japan (2007, H-, 180 MeV). 3

4. The HIPPI Way The idea behind HIPPI was: • Join the efforts of the laboratories that were starting to develop their own linacs. • Attract other labs that have competent teams but not a precise project. • Collect what remained of the linac design experience (ESS, etc.). HIPPI was specifically concentrated on 3 upgrades for particle physics: • CERN for the injector upgrade for LHC • GSI for the FAIR linac • RAL for the linac projects for neutrino physics Close contact and exchange of information (often same teams!) with the other linac programmes in Europe, EURISOL (nuclear physics) and EUROTRANS. 4

5. How to get there ? • Work on 5 lines: • Develop normal conducting linac technologies, trying to push the technology beyond SNS and JPARC. • Develop alternative proton linac structures based on the European experience in Heavy Ion linacs. • Develop superconducting linac structures for the HIPPI energy range, in synergy with the other EU development, putting the accent on pulsed operation. • Develop linac technologies not yet used in Europe: chopping schemes. • Develop, test and benchmark the particle simulation codes required for the new projects. • Important: HIPPI goal was to go together through the prototype stage, not to fill another pile of design studies, proposals, etc. • HIPPI has built a total of 12 prototypes or models of linac accelerator structures. 5

6. HIPPI Workplan (from the proposal, 2003) We went one step forward: Construction of Linac4 and of FAIR linac. 6

7. Normal conducting achievements – WP2 1. Mainstream line: develop from the SNS-JPARC design Drift Tube Linac (standard for proton linacs <100 MeV) – last European design in 1976/78. First unsuccessful attempt to have a DTL technology developed in Russia starting from the DTL built there in the 80’s. Later, crash programme at CERN to develop a prototype before the end of HIPPI  first measurements in autumn 2008. The CERN prototype is intended to go beyond SNS and JPARC: Permanent Quadrupoles, simplified drift tube installation and alignment First DTL measurements: drift tube positioning errors and measure of electric field distribution on axis. This DTL design will be adopted for the CERN Linac4 7 + interest from ESS-B !

8. Normal conducting achievements – WP2 2. Develop novel intermediate energy structures Between 50 and 100 MeV, studied the Cell-Coupled Drift Tube Linac. Innovative solution, based on work done at LANL in the 90’s, never used before in a linear accelerator. Quadrupoles outside the tanks, less expensive to build and to align than DTL. 2 prototypes successfully tested at CERN at nominal RF power  adopted for Linac4 8

9. Normal conducting achievements – WP2 3. Develop and compare higher energy structures Compared two structures between 100 and 160 MeV: the Side-Coupled Linac (developed at LANL, used in SNS) and the PI-Mode Structure (PIMS), developed specifically for Linac4. PIMS cold model PIMS design SCL cold model The PIMS is less expensive to build, simpler to tune and allows to have all the linac at the same RF frequency  adopted for Linac4 9

10. Normal conducting achievements – WP2 4. Alternative line: novel high efficiency structures derived from ion linacs – experience at IAP and GSI with TE-mode structures. CH structure developed at IAP Frankfurt and GSI: new design offering high efficiency, many mechanical and RF issues solved within HIPPI. 2nd CH model (scaled) for the new coupled structure 1st CH model The CH will be used for the FAIR linac. 10

11. Superconducting achievements – WP3 1. Elliptical cavities: Cavities at beta 0.47 are new and require testing, in particular for pulsed mode operation (Lorentz force detuning, mechanical modes,…) and development of accessories: tuners, couplers. One prototype cavity built, two prototype cavities tested in different conditions, 2 alternative tuning systems developed, coupler built, will be tested in February 2009. 11

12. Superconducting achievements – WP3 2. Alternatives: Spoke cavities, the CH Two alternative structure were analysed in HIPPI: The 3-spoke structure at 352 MHz for operation in the range 100-180 MeV  design and construction of a prototype, analysis of the vibration modes for pulsed operation. The CH structure is a kind of “multi-spoke” using the Konus dynamics Quarter-Wave resonators have been analysed (pulsed mode) for lower energies. CH cavity Triple spoke cavity Interest from ESS-B ! 12

13. Superconducting achievements – WP3 3. The 700 MHz high-power test stand at CEA 13

14. Chopper achievements, WP4 1. Structures CERN chopper plates housed inside a quadrupole, built and tested Interest from GANIL and FNAL to the HIPPI chopper developments (GANIL introduced chopper in Spiral2 design, FNAL is building a copy of CERN meander) Helical structure B, RAL, can be fitted in a quadrupole. 14

15. Chopper achievements - drivers RAL Fast Pulse generator RAL Slow Pulse generator FID driver. Tested at CERN : rise time ok, fall time not yet there. Rep rate limited to 12 MHz (vs. 40) 15

16. Chopper achievements – WP4 2. The CERN chopper line built and (partially) tested 16

17. 17

18. Beam Dynamics achievements – WP5 1. Comparison code and measurements Experimental set-up at GSI (Unilac) 18

19. Beam Dynamics achievements – WP5 Code benchmarking with experiment Attempt for experimental verification at UNILAC scheduled for Dec. 2008 19

20. Improving the UNILAC brilliance to the FAIR specs CARE 20

21. Beam instrumentation: fluorescence for intense profiles (GSI) Installation of hor&vert. BIF Monitor: Large beam power  Non-intercepting method: • Beam Induced Fluorescence BIF N2 + Ion  (N2+)*+ Ion  N2+ + γ + Ion With single photon detection scheme • compact installation. 21 21

22. Beam Instrumentation achievements – WP5 2. Beam Instrumentation: pepperpot for source measurements (correlation!) at RAL 22

23. Impact on the infrastructure Linac4 Within HIPPI, have been developed and tested all the three Linac4 accelerating structures, has been built the chopper line, has been analysed the beam dynamics. Invaluable support, which has allowed to go through the prototype stage and be ready for construction 23

24. Linac4 Groundbreaking 16 October 2008, Linac4 Groundbreaking by CERN Director, R. Aymar 24

25. Linac4 Groundbreaking 25

26. The new linac moves mountains… Mount-Citron, 14.10.2008… …and 27.11.2008 26

27. Impact on the infrastructure FAIR Proposal for construction of the FAIR p-linac (GSI, IAP, CEA), June 2008 The R&D effort in HIPPI has allowed preparing a complete and coherent proposal for the construction of the FAIR linac, extending to protons the technology of heavy-ion linacs: development of the CH structures, space charge introduced in KONUS, beam dynamics analysis with codes benchmarked between them and with experiment. 27

28. Status of FAIR Linac 28

29. Impact on the experimental infrastructure • The HIPPI Superconducting Workpackage will continue its life in EUCard, at higher beta. • The 700 MHz test stand built by HIPPI at CEA Saclay will be, in conjunction with CRYHOLAB, an invaluable tool for testing the new generation of linac cavities (SPL, etc.). 29

30. HIPPI – collateral effects • Secure funding: in a period of rapidly changing priorities and objectives, give a long-term (5 year) perspective to the R&D teams. • Give visibility and support: negotiations with competing projects-team easier with EU support. • Put pressure on the teams to deliver results. • + a quick course in project management, very useful for our future projects (WBS, deliverables, schedule,…). 30

31. Comments from the Advisory Committee (ESAC) The HIPPI External Scientific Advisory Committee: J. Stovall (ex-SNS, chair), Y. Yamazaki (JPARC), A. Pisent (INFN-LNL) Having an Advisory Committee has a cost, but proved to be the best investment : competent advice + exchange of information with parallel projects in USA, Japan, Europe + stimulation of the discussion + international visibility. HIPPI is not a group of researchers assembled around a common project but rather a federation of projects, each one with specific and well defined technical objectives and constraints. It was clear from the beginning that the task of managing such a diverse and dispersed group of scientists without clear and common goals, was going to be challenging. The Committee is unanimous in concluding that the HIPPI experiment not only worked but worked surprisingly well. The scientific quality of the research carried out over the past five years was both relevant and professional, meeting the standard for international publication. The management was able to identify appropriate research goals and make good use of the resources available to them. In some cases strong inter-laboratory collaborations have developed. It was very impressive to see how fast young scientists have made progress in their skills of developing accelerator technology under the HIPPI program. 31

32. Comments from the ESAC – continuation The prototype accelerating structures developed under HIPPI are now the alphabet with which new and different projects can be written. The differences in the technical choices are justified by the different specific performance requirements, primarily beam power and duty cycle, and by the history and experience of the different laboratories themselves. (…) In part the motivation for HIPPI was to develop a common European technology base for high intensity linacs. To a large extent this has been achieved and the Committee wills that this technology base and the scientists whose knowledge it represents and their collaborations be preserved and cultivated. (…) Without regular meetings we are concerned that the relationships developed during HIPPI will dissolve and so we admonish the management to organize a series of continuing workshops on the work package topics. The spirit of the HIPPI activity is very plaudible, and the Committee congratulates the very successful accomplishments of the over-all HIPPI activity. 32

33. HIPPI: an end ? December 2002 first call for proposals (R. Garoby and A. Mosnier) 17.01.2003 First meeting of the proposers at CERN July 2003 CARE approved January 2004 Official start of HIPPI … December 2008 Official end of HIPPI • What now? • There is a clear demand for maintaining the contacts and continue some collaboration  • Post-HIPPI Linac Workshop at GSI (?) in September 2009 with the goal of • exchanging information and experience useful for the ongoing European linac projects (Linac4, FAIR, RAL, IFMIF, ESS, SPL); • Look for collaborations and synergies, in the old HIPPI way The HIPPI spirit will last forever… 33