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SYNTHESIS

SYNTHESIS. “For the purposes of scoring, synthesis refers to combining the sources and the writer’s position to form a cohesive, supported argument and accurately citing all sources.”. In May 2007 the College Board added the synthesis essay

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SYNTHESIS

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  1. SYNTHESIS “For the purposes of scoring, synthesis refers to combining the sources and the writer’s position to form a cohesive, supported argument and accurately citing all sources.”

  2. In May 2007 the College Board added the synthesis essay • To synthesize is to draw information from different sources and to use that information to develop discussion

  3. Students will be given 6-7 sources from a variety of works about a particular topic, and then they will be expected to use 3-4 of those sources to support their opinions about the topic in an essay • ***At least one of the sources will be a visual

  4. You are given 2 hours to write all 3 essays, and the extra 15 minutes is given for reading excerpts • At first you will receive only the green booklet, and you will get 15 minutes to read the material and plan your essays. • Spend your 15 minutes well. • At the conclusion of the 15 minutes, you will be given a pink booklet. • At this point you have two hours to write three essays • All of the sources that you will be given on the AP exam are expected to be reliable

  5. To simplify the rubric, the graders are primarily looking for three elements: • Did the student answer the question? • Did the writer’s point remain clear? • Did the student use examples?

  6. SUGGESTIONS FOR PRE-WRITING • Quickly read each source, marking potentially important information • Decide what stated or implied assumption(s) each source makes • What evidence does each source use to support its claim? Does the evidence seem valid and reasonable?

  7. 4. Does the source appeal to emotions only? If so, you might consider eliminating it. Does it appeal to ethics and/or logic? A strong argument often appeals to at least 2 of the 3 5. Does the source contain fallacies? If so, eliminate it 6. Is it a primary or secondary source? Primary – direct – ex: an autobiography is a primary source as it is a graph based upon actual statistics Secondary – indirect – ex: unauthorized biography or newspaper editorial **A primary source is usually considered stronger

  8. 7. What opinion have you formed? Which sources support your opinion? Rank the sources that support your opinion from strongest to weakest

  9. SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING THE ESSAY • Keep in mind that this essay should be about your informed opinion, not merely a listing of quotes from sources. Quotes should support your opinion. Do not use meaningless quotes that “pad” your writing • Use of direct quotes is fine, as long as they are embedded. Paraphrasing is also appropriate • If you do not have specific examples from at least 3 sources, your essay will receive no more than a lower half score (1-4)

  10. No matter how you quote, you must use parenthetical citation (MLA). You may refer to your source in either of two ways: Author’s last name (Jones) or By source (Source A) – sources will be labeled A, B, C, etc. 4. If you know of a source that is not included in what you’re given, you may use it, but it will not count as one of your sources!!

  11. Grammar • Graders expect you to be grammar fluent (but not necessarily perfect) • Voice • Avoid dull writing • Avoid the five-paragraph mold • Have your own style, but don’t become so fixated on the beauty of your essay that you forget to answer the question

  12. The synthesis essay has a triple purpose. • It examines your ability to consider and support a rational argument. • It also seeks to evaluate your ability to absorb, understand, and employ several sources on the same topic. • It tests your ability to correctly cite the sources you have quoted or paraphrased in your argument.

  13. The process • It is strongly recommended that you use the 15 minute reading period to immediately look at the synthesis passages. • If there is time left over, read and make notes on the rhetorical analysis piece and argument question.

  14. Read the initial question page carefully. There are three sections. • (1) Direction: in this section you will find this crucial sentence: Your argument should be central; the sources should support this argument. Avoid merely summarizing sources. • Your opinion is the most important aspect of this essay (therefore form one!)

  15. Beware: • If you simply repeat what the sources had to say about the issue, you will always earn a lower-half score (1-4). • This means that bringing your own examples to a synthesis essay is a good idea.

  16. Read the initial question page carefully. There are three sections • (2) Introduction: its purpose is to get you thinking about the issue by making general statements about the topic. • The introduction is not the prompt • (3) Assignment: this is where you will find the prompt. The topic is hi-lighted in bold print. • Additionally, the assignment (prompt) will state that you must “synthesize at least three of the sources for support.”

  17. Identify certain elements right away such as: • Is the source biased? • You can determine this by looking at the source itself – an article from Christian Century will have some inherent biases. • Does the source’s date of publication have an effect on the relevance of the argument? • A passage written in 1975 about advertising is likely to be out of date today. • What position does the author hold? • Determine if the author is for, against, or neutral about the topic. • For what audience is the author writing? • Identify the target audience for the piece: women, men, businesspeople, etc.

  18. The visual • It may take the form of a chart, table, photograph, political cartoon, or painting. • You should follow the same steps for analyzing the visual as you do when annotating the passages: • Look for bias • Datedness • Position • Audience • Point of view • And usefulness to your argument

  19. It is always a good strategy to use passages that disagree with your point of view, especially if you are dealing with an “agree, disagree, or qualify*” prompt. • AGAIN: Working with quotations: You need to work with small quotations, not long excerpts. Try to work with snippets and phrases, not full sentences. When you quote the text, don’t allow the quotation to disrupt the flow or grammar of your sentence.

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