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Phylogenetic Relationships Among Gnetales, Conifers, Ginkgo & Cycads, and Angiosperms

Three unrooted trees showing the relationships among different plant groups based on genomic compartments. Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic, and Gnetales are closest to conifers. Amborella is basal with high bootstrap values. The trees also show the relationships among Magnoliids, Basal Angiosperms, Eudicots, and Monocots.

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Phylogenetic Relationships Among Gnetales, Conifers, Ginkgo & Cycads, and Angiosperms

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  1. Three unrooted trees showing the relationships among the Gnetales (blue),Conifers (Green),Ginkgo&Cycads(Coral) and Angiosperms (fuschia). Bowe et al. 2000. Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers PNAS 97: 4092-4097.

  2. Bootstrap Value = 92 Bootstrap Value = 83 Tree based on Phytochrome A and Phytochrome C. Note high bootstrap values for Amborella as basal (Matthews and Donoghue, 1999).

  3. Fiji home to Degeneria New Caledonia home to Amborella trichopoda!

  4. Degeneria- an old contender for the earliest angiosperm.

  5. Amborella (the “A” of ANITA) showing general habit: shrub. UC Santa Cruz Botanical Gardens

  6. Amborella male flower-note “leaf-like” stamens and sepals and petals that are similar (tepals). Amborella is dioecious. Amborella branch- evergreen, simple, alternate leaves with wavy edges www.ucsc.edu/currents/99-00/art/ amborella.flr.99-08-30.jpg

  7. Amborella trichopoda Amborella is dioecious. Male flowers are about 4mm across and have tepals and 6-21 stamens. The reward for insect pollinators is pollen. http://www.ucalgary.ca/~laidlaw/amborella/amborella_web.html#By_April_1

  8. Amborella Female Flowers tepals Staminodes (fake stamens) 3-6 carpels each a simple pistil.

  9. Fruits Female Flowering Shoot Seeds http://www.ucalgary.ca/~laidlaw/amborella/amborella_web.html#By_April_1

  10. Three unrooted trees showing the relationships among the Gnetales (blue),Conifers (Green),Ginkgo&Cycads(Coral) and Angiosperms (fuschia). Bowe et al. 2000. Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers PNAS 97: 4092-4097.

  11. Bootstrap Value = 92 Bootstrap Value = 83 Tree based on Phytochrome A and Phytochrome C. Note high bootstrap values for Amborella as basal (Matthews and Donoghue, 1999).

  12. Qiu et al.’s Tree (Nature, 25 November 1999) Based on 5 - genes 2-mitochondrial 2-plastid 1-nuclear Magnoliids Basal Angiosperms Illiciales Nymphaeales Bootstrap Value = 100 Amborella

  13. Barkman et al. 6-gene tree (PNAS 2000).

  14. 9-gene tree Barkman et al. 2000

  15. Barkman et al. comparison of bootstrap values for Root A (Amborella and Nymphaeales) vs Root B (Amborella alone). Dark bars are noise-reduced; open are raw data.

  16. Amborella alone is in the basal clade Amborella and Nymphaeales share the basal clade Support Leans Towards a Shared Clade

  17. Textbook Version of the 4 Main Groups These 3 groups are unresolved

  18. 4 Main Angiosperm Groups Shown on Qiu’s Tree 4. Eudicots- the largest group 2. Magnoliids 3. Monocots 1. Basal Angiosperms

  19. + =Illiciales (Trimeniaceae, Amborella) Amborella is native to New Caledonia Austrobaileya The ANITA group is mostly Australasian.

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