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Nonrenewable Energy

Nonrenewable Energy. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt. Energy Sources. Modern society requires large quantities of energy that are generated from the earth’s natural resources.

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Nonrenewable Energy

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  1. Nonrenewable Energy

  2. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  3. Energy Sources • Modern society requires large quantities of energy that are generated from the earth’s natural resources. • Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy. • Secondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels. www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

  4. Thermodynamics • The laws of thermodynamics tell us two things about converting heat energy from steam to work: • 1) The conversion of heat to work cannot be 100 % efficient because a portion of the heat is wasted. • 2) The efficiency of converting heat to work increases as the heat temperature increases. www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

  5. Energy Units and Use • Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 ºF. • cal (calorie) - the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC. Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used. • 1 Btu = 252 cal = 0.252 kcal • 1 Btu = 1055 J (joule) = 1.055 kJ • 1 cal = 4.184 J www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

  6. Energy Units and Use • Two other units that are often seen are the horsepower and the watt. These are not units of energy, but are units of power. • 1 watt (W) = 3.412 Btu / hour • 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W • Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to describe electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger. • quad (Q) - used for describing very large quantities of energy. 1 Q = 1015 Btu www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

  7. Evaluating Energy Resources • U.S. has 4.6% of world population; uses 24% of the world’s energy; • 84% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas); • 7% from nuclear power; • 9% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).

  8. Changes in U.S. Energy Use www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  9. Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  10. Fossil Fuels • Fossil fuels originated from the decay of living organisms millions of years ago, and account for about 80% of the energy generated in the U.S. • The fossil fuels used in energy generation are: • Natural gas, which is 70 - 80% methane (CH4) • Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of petroleum • Coal - a solid mixture of large molecules with a H/C ratio of about 1 www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

  11. Problems with Fossil Fuels • Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources • At projected consumption rates, natural gas and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st century • Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of pollution • Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

  12. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  13. Oil • Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well • Fossil fuel, produced by the decomposition of deeply buried organic matter from plants & animals • Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities • How Oil Drilling Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.

  14. Sources of Oil • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) -- 13 countrieshave 67% world reserves: • Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela • Other important producers: Alaska, Siberia, & Mexico. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  15. Oil in U.S. • 2.3% of world reserves • uses nearly 30% of world reserves; • 65% for transportation; • increasing dependence on imports. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  16. Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  17. Burning any fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and thus promotes global warming. • Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  18. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  19. Oil • Crude oil is transported to a refinery where distillation produces petrochemicals • How Oil Refining Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.

  20. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  21. Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel • Mixture • 50–90% Methane (CH4) • Ethane (C2H6) • Propane (C3H8) • Butane (C4H10) • Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  22. Sources of Natural Gas • Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply. • Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%); • 90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000 miles of pipeline). www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  23. billion cubic metres

  24. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  25. Natural Gas • Experts predict increased use of natural gas during this century

  26. Natural Gas • When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) • The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distribution • Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships

  27. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

  28. Coal: Supply and Demand • Coal exists in many forms therefore a chemical formula cannot be written for it. • Coalification: After plants died they underwent chemical decay to form a product known as peat • Over many years, thick peat layers formed. • Peat is converted to coal by geological events such as land subsidence which subject the peat to great pressures and temperatures. www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

  29. garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

  30. Ranks of Coal • Anthracite :A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb.. • Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb.. • Subbituminous: Black lignite, is dull black and generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb. • Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality (i.e., low heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture and volatile matter. Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb. www.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Hist%20295/ Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt

  31. PEAT LIGNITE garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

  32. BITUMINOUS ANTHRACITE garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

  33. Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite Anthracite Main Coal Deposits www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

  34. garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

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